Beijing City Handicraft Research (1949-1966)

Beijing's urban handicraft has the long history and the fine national tradition.It is the modern industry advantageous assistant guranteeing the local economic development,the people produce, the life need in all aspects to play the positive role。Handicraftsmen are engaged in the agricultural product and the manufactured item for daily use processing manufacture.They work for the state-operated big industry fitting repair and the small part manufacture. Ministrant and the repair handicraft industry serves for the city and countryside inhabitants'daily life. Beijing's manufactured item is developed, the variety are many, highly skilled.The development handicraft production, may supply the domestic market the need.In brief, the handicraft industry is the essential part of Beijing's local economy. It may supplement the machine industry the insufficiency, assists the modern industry, satisfies lives of the people many and varied requests and the national economy construction need.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China up to now, Beijing's national handicraft industry by individual, the privately operated form has been existing. This kind backward, the disperser, the conservative economic sector has limited the handicraft industry productive forces development and the new style technical use, the production and the sales contradiction depends on handicraft industry oneself to solve with difficulty, the individual private ownership productive relations do not adapt the state economy plan request.Therefore, the realization socialist transformation gradually changed the handicraft industry original productive relations. Beijing economic development become a profitable target.Handicraft industry development presented the clear vein from 1949 to 1966, two master lines advanced together, also interwove mutually.A master line was the individual, the privately operated handicraft industry moves towards withering away gradually the process.Another started and the consolidated process for the cooperative society economy, after the movement to organize cooperatives, the collective economy can consolidate.In 1958 in "the Great Leap Forward" and in the people's commune movement, the handicraft industry welcomed to transfer factory transition the high tide.In this tide, the partial cooperative societies promote, became the state-factory.Many handicraftmen became state-factory workers.The others remained in their work-shops.They became the co-op workers.Their workshops became co-op factories.This transition became the main form of that time.The Beijing handicraft industry class, the profession are many, the product very is also numerous and diverse, mainly has the art industry, the metal industry, tailoring industry, the shoes and hats industry, the leather industry, bamboo cane willow grass industry, binds printing industry, the culture and education general merchandise industry, the ministrant profession and the repair profession and so on.These professions all had the varying degree development after the founding of the People's Republic of China.The scale expanded unceasingly, the output value increased unceasingly, also the partial professions had already realized the mechanization and the semimechanization.In order to strengthen to the individual handicraft industry, the cooperative society, the cooperative workshop, the neighborhood factory management, Beijing Municipal government strengthens to its macroeconomic regulation and control.While set up the handicraft producers' cooperative to unite the main agency, the handicraft industry administrative bureau, the urban commune industrial management and so on specially manages the organization, moved towards the movement to organize cooperatives in the administrative legislation and in the specific measures to the individual handicraft industry to carry on the positive guidance.Under the national regulation impetus, the cooperative society, the cooperative workshop internal management and operation has also had the very sweeping change.In 1958, the neighborhood industry started and vigorous development, the neighborhood factory by the subdistrict office creation and by it managed, belonged to the street collective ownership economy.In the handicraft industry development gradually integrates "the government behavior" orbital time, is engaged in the handicraft industry production and the management "the human" is divided the different social class and the social stratum, not only in the production practice, these "the crowd" the thought had had the huge transformation, had also had the new interpersonal relationship in the division of labor and cooperation.This time woman community is also worth paying attention because 1/3 handicraftmen were women.Facing the brand-new life style, they uses own words and deeds to practice to society's cognition, to own cognitionBeijing's handicraft industry already had own characteristic, also had the region characteristic, also was playing the vital role in the Beijing urban construction.The Beijing handicraft industry and the urban development relations was close. It was supplying the city people daily necessities and the solution employment aspect contributes the outstandingly.