A Study On Transformation Of Higher Education In 19th-century England

19th-century is main phases that higher education in England transforms from traditional state to modern times. To adapt English politics and economy, great change takes place in the area of English higher education. This becomes a typical modernization of higher education. Therefore, study on transformation of higher education in 19th-century England maybe benefit the modernization of developing countries. In accordance with the methodology of historical and dialectical materialism, this thesis tries to find some conclusion about transformation of higher education after the study of the transformation of higher education in 19th-century England.The transformation of higher education in 19th-century England depends on some historical factors, such as democracy tradition, liberalism thoughts, science-education thoughts, Industrial Revolution, and progress in English education. For higher education, democracy tradition brings freedom, and Industrial Revolution prepares material. Industrial Revolution's demand for persons with ability makes it necessary to transform higher education.The transformation of higher education in 19th-century England has four stages, which is the foundation of new universities, the reform of old universities, the extending of new universities, and the attempt of popularization of higher education. There are three new-universities, which are University of London, King's college, and Durham University. The rise of these universities means extending in English higher education, with modern component。Although University of London and King's college change into teaching bodies belong to an examination organization, they become a model of application, democracy and secularity, for civic colleges. The reform of old universities means the transformation of Oxbridge in the last half of 19th century, with managing-system improving, releasing from religion, serving for the reality. The reform in old universities brings a thorough change to English higher education. The movement of civic colleges is a reviviscence, or a development of new universities. All of the civic colleges base themselves upon local needs. They engage research of science and technology, serving industry and business. They enforce the tradition of independence in English higher education. The University Extension Movement is an attempt in popularization of higher education. In the course of the movement, learning standard is maintained, curriculum is elected freely, discussion is held after lecture. The Extension Movement meets the needs of the masses by delivering higher learning.The original motility of the transformation of higher education in 19th-century England is the needs of people in matter and spirit. The original motility becomes effective by the society, parties, government, and foreign influence, making value of higher education change from elite to an enlarged co-existing of elite and mass, science and humanities harmonizing gradually, teaching involving research. The feature in the course of transformation, such as stepping-up, enthusiasm of mass and government, the reform of teaching manner, and taking adult education as a method of popularization in higher education, may inspire today's reform in higher education, undoubtedly.