The Primary And Secondary Education In Beijing From1949to1956under The Direction Of Proletarian Politics

This thesis systematically researches the primary and secondary education in Beijing from1949to1966under the direction of proletarian politics, which is the theory, lines, principles and policies and so on of Chinese Communist Party. All of school arrangement, teacher management, student management, education and moral education of primary and secondary school in Beijing in1949tightly linked with proletarian politics.This thesis will discourse in six chapters according to this feature.The first chapter approaches the theory of education serving the proletarian politics,understands the developing trace of the education serving the politics,from the historical tradition of the unification of the state and education in the ancient China to the educational organization management, the definiteness of educational purpose,the selection of educational content and so on during the educational transition period in modern times. Under this historical tradition, Chinese Communist Party absorbed the educational thoughts from Marxism-Leninism and the educational experiences from Soviet, gradually established the principles of the education serving proletarian politics in1949later. After1962,the educational principles started to emphasize to serve "class conflict", after1964,definitely indicated that the educational purpose was "training the successor of proletarian career", went further on the road of "left" errors.The second chapter discourses the relationship between giving prominence to "proletarian politics" and the management system of primary and secondary education. After1949, the integrated educational management system from the central to the local, the Chinese Communist Party's leader status of primary and secondary education,the schoolmaster responsibility system in the interior of school were established. After Anti-Rightist Campaign in1957,Chinese Communist Party continually strengthened the leadership of primary and secondary education, established party branch leadership system, and continually transferred party members and cadres from all walks to play the leading roles in primary and secondary schools. Because a part of cadres had no good professional skills and educational theories, there were the controdiction between "party's leadership" and'educational disipline.The third chapter discourses the system of running primary and secondary schools.In1949,Chinese Communist Party took over all public schools, rectified a part of private primary and secondary schools, and newly built some schools, till1956,took over all private schools, the system of running schools turned to a onefold system taken on everything by the state. The system of running schools had big changes during the period of educational great leap forward in1958,allowed many factoies, government departments and institutions subdistricts, communes, enterprises to run schools, many work-study, part-farmwork and part-study and agricultural schools appeared. At the time of promoting spread of education, there were key school system in primary and secondary schools for conveying "top students" to the higher educational institutions, formed the structure of small pagoda. The controdiction was produced between elitism lines in the key primary and secondary schools and low-grade work-study, part-farm work and part-study and agricultural schools, the educational unfairness was formed.The forth chapter discourses the transformation and impact of primary and secondary teachers by "proletarian politics".After1949, teachers,the excutant of primary and secondary education, were always the transformed objects, Chinese Communist Party transformed the primary and secondary teachers by the means of seminar, political trainning class, topical policy study and the criticalness of old educational thoughts, the aim was to transform the primary and secondary teachers to be the works with class conflict thought and labor thought,who also could consciously carry out the educational principles and policies of Chinese Communist Party. Chinese Communist Party let primary and secondary teachers directly attend the political movements like against the three evils,honest and trustworthy,rectification and anti-rightism,"Four Clean-ups" movements,for the goal of accepting the education and changing standpoint in the political movements, at the time of political movements, the teachers were cleared organizationally and impacted enormously, especially in the rectification movement in1957,the advices about education, teaching and life were taken as rightists'speeches, many teachers were labeled as rightists, corrected till1978.Because of the role conflict between the educator and the transformed, the relationship between teachers and students was dissimilated, which leaded that the primary and secondary teachers were criticized and denounced by students during the great proletarian cultural revolution.The fifth chapter discourses "class line" in the field of entering schools and higher schools. The educational rights were distributed through carrying out "class line" in the eduational field, The "class line" of Chinese Communist Party was mainly according to family background, the starting point in the educational field was to make works, poor and lower-middle peasants and their children solid mass foundation of regime, make cabres'children successor of Chinese Communist Party's revolutionary cause, especially after1957,the educational rights limit to exploiting classes'children caused new social discrimination,which promoted the social superiority complex of works, poor and lower-middle peasants,obtained their faithful support to Chinese Communist Party's regime. But because it was influenced by the poverty of most works, poor and lower-middle peasants,more children, poor quality and low proportion of entering schools, the children of works, poor and lower-middle peasants were as a matter of a fact in a disadvantageous position in the respect of top educational resources competition, which made them dissatisfied with this educational system, the sentiment of revisionism's critisization in the educational field during the great proletarian cultural revolution accumulated. The cabres'children were trained to be privileged stratum by the education, turned into the earliest wasps during the great proletarian cultural revolution.The sixth chapter discourses the teaching and moral education activities under the guiding of "proletarian politics".the central task of primary and secondary schools was to emphasize political and ideological education,the political work specially set up in primary and secondary schools was its mainest manifestation, moreover,it was asked the thoughts and contents of political education should run through the Chinese, history and other subjects.In aspect of moral education,the students were guided and educated in various ways for making primary and secondary students form world outlook and out look on life as revolutionary cause successors,one side was the students attended directly political movements and social activities,the other side was to have political study in schools, attended all activities leaded by Chinese Communist Party, Communist Youth League, Young Pioneers.Especially in1962,after Mao Zedong emphasized "Don't forget class conflict", the politicalization and revolutionization tendency in teaching and moral education field was more and more obvious.Teaching influence and moral education schooling built one generation of younth who had fracturing with the traditional culture, vivid character of gradual revolutionization.The epilogue gives summative evaluation on the primary and secondary education in Beijing from1949to1956under the direction of proletarian politics,it indicates the achievement is to continuously enlarge the range of educated workers and peasents,make students understand the sociaty and have very strong ability of practice, and correct heavy burden on students in education. Also indicates there exists very serious problem, which is over-emphasizing "proletarian politics",indoctrinating wrong views to primary and secondary students, strengthening class conflict and other "left" thoughts.