Study Of The Manchu Qing Dynasty Official Post System Differences

As a regime of the national minorities,the Qing dynasty must gain the support of the scholar-bureaucrat for the effective control in the area under administration. So,how to deal with the relations between the Manchu and the Han nationality in the regime,and how to distinguish their political positions in the political life,which would not be neglected by the Qing governors.The system of functional office ,which standarded the behavior of the functioning officials and affirmed the administrative obligation and duty,could directly reflect the kingcraft of the dominators and the methods to deal with them.As for that the content of the system of the funcional office was very meticulous and complex,and some of them were researched deeply,this article basically research the system of the functional office before getting across the Shanhai Pass and which after crossing it,the official appointing in the local province,the system of the official rank and salary,the fedual code of the functioning officials,and reform of the system of the functioning office in the late Qing dynasty. And this article would combine the administrative rules and the effectiveness in the real life by using the textual research,in order to reveal the representations of the difference between the Manchu and the Han nationality in the system of the functional office,and explain the political,social,the traditon of the culture,the personal,and the casual reasons.Before getting across the Shaihai Pass, the system of functioning office was immature and imperfect,because that the war of conquest agaist the Ming dynasty was in progress.However,the difference between the Manchu and the Han nationality had existed in the consciousness of the rulers and in the political life.In the period of Nurehazhi,the regime was formed just by the Manchu,and the Han nationality were excluded from the hierarchy,and always were abused.After Huangtaiji's accession to the throne,he adjusted the ethnic policy,and the attitude towards the Han nationality was changed from excluding to incepting.However,the Han officals were still in the subordinate position,and the power was also limited,the supreme executive power was still controlled by the Manchu. After the crossing the Shanhai Pass,the Qing dynasty improved the executive branch of the government according the Ming.On the designation of the central government offcials,the Qing dynasty also inherited the Ming system of the entitlement. And in the Qing dynasty,the entitlement had two implications,which one was the nature of the position,and the other was the number of the position. As to the former,it could be divided many different types by the different standards.And this article especially aims at the type that was divided by the status and the nation of the official.In the discussing about the entitlement of the central government,the central government was divided into eight different types by the differnce of their functioning nature.On this condition,we could do textual research on the set-up time of the Manchu and the Han entitlement,the number of the entitlement,the differnce of the changing tendency. And in this progress,we also correct the errors of the history records.As the personnel organization principle and the achieving form,the entitlement actually reflected the distributing and the adjusting of the executive power among the officials ,whose nation were different. So,from beginning to 1748,the changing of the number and nature of the entitlement not only indicated the progress ,in which the institutions became perfect and steady step by step,but also indicated the forming of the power pattern in the central government.By above mentioned,we can come to the following conclusions: First,we should learn the system of joint Manchu and Han appointments again in central department. And this system was not carried out at the beginning of the Qing dynasty,it was formed in the 1658 and 1659.However,the equity on the number did not represent the balance on the power.At the same time,the system of joint Manchu and Han appointments was also opposite, the entitlements which were only for the Manchu were very important in the political life and in the emperor's private life. Second,the setting of the entitlement reflect the unitary difference in the different central departments,as for the different political position and the relations with the emperor. Third,the setting of the entitlement had the different character in the different period.Above all,the change of the entitlement was not just the change on the number and the nation nature,it was contacted with the steady of the regime,the adjust of the executive power,the harmony among the different nations,the personnal behavior of the emperor and so on. The system of the entitlement in the local province was different from the central departments in the Qing dynasty.Generally speaking,there was one official on the one executive position.On the regulating of the national nature of the entitlement,there were two types that the entitlement which both of the Manchu and the Han could be appointed and that the entitlement which was just prepared for the Manchu. This article gives attentions to the universality of the functioning office in the local province.And at the same time,it also attachs importance to the particularity,that is ,the Manchu officals were appointed in the places where many races mixed,where minority lived together or adjoined it,and where had the important military and political signification.And the entitlement which was advantageous in the local province was mostly appointed to the Manchu.To sum up the above arguments,the particularity of the local official appointing was determined by the gap between the populations and territorial aera,and the objective acquirement in the process of the local executive management.The official rank in feudal times ,of which carrier was the entitlement, was the manifestation of the pattern of the political positions.This article will correct the offcial primary rank basing on the right setting time of the entitlement of the Manchu and the Han. And on these conditions,this article will reflect the difference of the rank of the Manchu and the Han ,the change of the official title,the adjustment of the official rising and falling,and principle which the goverors following in the uniform process in the period of the 1645-1658 and 1667-1670.And the difference on the system of the salary not only reflected the different setting time,but also revealed the differnce on the number and the pattern.As to the ritual systems of the functioning office,this article mainly research the Dingyou system.On the basing of making the process of its forming and changing,we will reveal the different time limit and the treatment in the Dingyou period between the Manchu and the Han nationality,the distinguish among the Manchu,and the special regulations for the isolated district and individual official.At the ending of the 19^th century and the beginning of the 20^th century,the system of the Qing functioning official was strongly striked by the new political ideas.The emperors began to settled the differences in order to protect against damage :First,assigning officials without distinguishing between Manchu and Han;Second,eliminating the entitlement prepared only for the Manchu;Third,unifing the Dingyou system of the Manchu and the Han,and the official title before the emperors. As for that the behavior of eliminating the distinguish was with reservations,so the reformation couldn't save the fate of the Qing dynasty.To sum up,the distinguishing between the Manchu and the Han in the system of the functioning official,was the inevitable phenomena because of the dominate form which was the system of joint Manchu and Han.It was not only determined by the different positions,but also reflected the objective needs in the political operation process.And the national consciousness of the emperor was aslo the subjective factor.In the condition of correctly understanding the nation nature of the Manchu and the Han and the political appropriateness,the Qing dominatros emphasized the domainte position of the Manchu,and gave attentions to the Han officials'political function,which were the keys to success.Objective speaking,in the progress of the Qing dynasty developing,the different political positions of the Manchu and the Han officials promoted the Qing dynasty developing.The the distinguishing between the Manchu and the Han in the system of the functioning official represented the inequality positions,influnced the administrative efficiency of the Qing dynasty and the mental attitude of the Han officials.But ,when the western countries invaded the Qing dynasty,the national cause of the nation became the common choice of the Manchu and the Han officials.