Henan County, The Republican Political Research

This thesis is a reaserch on county government in HeNan at the period of MinGuo. I focus on political system, county figures and affairs.There are five chapters, their main points lie as below.The first chapter, namely the exordium. It's mainly about the substance of county, and county law system, county adminstrion, beyond, their relation.In fact, a county is a undertaker. Its range is the connection place for state and society, government and folks,the contents are the relation between those two groups, and the exchange in people, weath, information. County law system and county adminstrion are the two different aspects of county. County, as a local government system, has a long history. It centralizes state power. And the found of this kind of state signs the inner conflict in a state is settled, but a new type of contradiction, conflict between state and society come into being.The second chapter, the political system. It began in the new political movement at the end of Qing Dynasty, and ended in the 1930, experienced a hard change.From the change of rules in county's history, we can see, first, in the ancient time, counties were soft-self-management based on soft- bureaucratic-rule, meaned rule on people but no management on society.Then, modernization entered, both bureaucratic-rule and soft-self- management were reinforced, the two collided with each other. During the Northern Warlords'time, self-management and bureaucratic-rule existed at the same time; bureaucratic-rule increased, meanwhile, self- management decreased in Nanjing National Government's time. In 1939, Kuomintang carried out the new county system, and formed the new self- management, which was controlled by bureaucratic-rule. Even so, this new self-management was not put into effect. What we want to point out are:"repeal of situation and establish of division" was the turning mark at the end of Qing Dynasty in the collision between self-management and bureaucratic-rule, after this mark, bureaucratic-rule was in the lead; neighbourhood administrative system and bureau based on different places was the hige tide of the collsion, after this tide, bureaucratic-rule dominated.The third chapter, government figures.During Minguo period, county political system was modern as a whole, and was on the way to modem. But the factor of political figures was strong. For example, the term of office was short, positons were too many, undertaking of the finance, kith and kin were promoted with too, formalities were too trivial when one leaves off. And the officials were too, those old figures in the Northern Warlords' time, also, those figures were seldom after so many years, private personals were still existed. This meant modern county was merely a superficies.The fourth chapter of the county government, and the system with the disputes in the real world, specifically reflected in the matter.Financially, the complex and varied institutions, to small and miscellaneous donations to become the county in Henan Province's main sources of revenue. Education, the county is mainly responsible for primary education, school-age children enrollment rate is low, teachers are poorly treated. Arsenal are through the evolution of the official police system and police system the coexistence of autonomy, autonomy is the whole client. County Superintendent of poor equipment, low pay and poor salary costs account for the vast majority of expenditure is to maintain the type of policing. Building phase is started. Autonomous County, the political system of governance the ultimate evolution of the political system of county government officials. Reflects the downward expansion of national institutions. County Judiciary is not completely independent of the executive, judicial magistrate and the rationale for the Henan Province in the Republic of China is more widespread, the executive-led forces will tend to the administration of justice. County council as a body of public opinion in politics rather than the legislature, the executive decided that it can not be constrained, and can only be supporting the Chief. KMT Youth League and three in the county level, primarily through control of the county council to influence government constraints.The fifth chapter, epilogue. System is the modernization, but modernization of people are far behind the expectations of the system, which is always a matter for the modernization difficult. In China, self-management must and inevitably based on bureaucratic-rule, and it helped and enabled bureaucratic-rule. On this basis, a higer standard of self-management was produced, both self-management and bureaucratic-rule were strengthened, it's a win-win method. State and society, government and folks were in a movement all the time, for their self interests, a relation of gaming existed. In China, government was the main force, yet in the new period, government maintained its interest, so the interest of folks was neglected. And this could be seen by the found of normal divisions. However, this is a reality of our history, and a necessity. From this, we should read just the relation between state and society, government and folks, aiming at the balance of their power and obligation. In this way, state serves society, government serves folks.In conclusion, county government in HeNan of MinGuo, has somewhat, the from but not the essence of modern county. Maybe the main cause was, the wither of county government, since the balancer between state and society disappered, then the relation must be unhealthy.