The Study Of Tributary State System Between Qing And Gorkha In The Period Of Qianlong And Jiaqing

Tributary state system,as the traditional relationship between China and its neighboring countries,at different times in different countries has different manifestations,and contains the characteristics of different historical.Through the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha research,help to explore the diversity of tributary system and its inherent characteristics,but also is conducive to exploring the law of international exchanges is conducive to promoting China's international relations,the establishment and perfection of the theory. Gorkha as a country in South Asia is important,not only in Tibet and China have a deep relationship between the origin,but also the country of the Qing Dynasty are one of the Qing dynasty history has an important impact.In this paper,methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism as a guide,closure of the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha relationship of many three-dimensional perspective of academic study will help to promote the history of academic attention and to strengthen the relationship between China and Nepal as well as the relationship between China and South Asia research.The body of this paper divided into six parts.Chapter One is introduction.Scholars at home and abroad by analyzing the foreign relations of the concept of the traditional Chinese study of the problem studied in this article.J.K.Faribank believes that trade and diplomatic relations between the Chinese tributary system are interrelated in two ways.中山治一believes that "the order of Hua Yi" Although a number of countries are the United system,but one of the countries did not happen between the directly related,but entirely on the 'Chinese Empire' provides a direct relationship between the order of the unification of upper and lower.滨下武志proposes that the relationship between pay tribute not just limited to pay tribute and the relationship between the canonization,but to all members to include on the relationship between the overall,including a loose relationship between the rule and unification.James L.Hevia believes that the Qing Dynasty does not pursue "Tributary System" but "multitude of lords",which does not adhere to rigid of heaven do not mind,but to accept and recognize the leadership of pluralism,but the Qing royal family as the supreme monarch.These views are analyzed from different angles of the nature of China's traditional foreign relations, but can use its analytical and research between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha relations?Chapter Two is devoted to the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha relations set up the background of the times.18 end of the century,the Qing Dynasty through a series of reforms to strengthen its control over Tibet's internal affairs,in order to counter the future success of the Qing Dynasty in Tibet Gorkha invasion laid the foundation for the establishment of relations between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha provides an opportunity.The rapid rise of Gurkhas,on the one hand,the expansion of expanding its territory,in a vain attempt aggressive ambitions in Tibet,on the other hand,has led to colonial rule in India made the right and dissatisfied with the attention of the United Kingdom.For the security of the border in southwest China,the Qing government did not allow the territory of Tibet Gorkha spy,so he decided to stop Gorkha army harassment in Tibet.British also did not want to see Gurkhas strong at the South Asian subcontinent,so he decided to annex the Gurkhas.ChapterⅢanalyses the war that Gurkhas invaded Tibet and the relationship established between Qing government and Gurkhas.In 1788,Gorkha invaded Tibet, because local officials increase taxes and Tibetans sold inferior salt.Gorkha troops quickly occupied JiLong and NieLaMu.For the maintenance of territorial integrity,the Qing dynasty immediately mustered food and soldiers form backland.Tibetan Qing United in a common expulsion of the Gorkha army invaded Tibet,When the Qing government mustered the armed forces,local officials of Tibet in order to end the war quickly,speak privately with the Gurkhas.Gurkhas as long as promised to withdraw troops from Tibet,they would give Gurkhas 300 Yuanbao every year.Before snow blocking the mountain,when a large number of the Qing Dynasty army entered Tibet, the Gurkhas evacuate form Tibet,at the same time surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.Because of officials intentionally concealed,Qianlong wrong thought Gurkhas the surrendered to for fear of its powerful army.ChapterⅣanalyses Gurkhas invaded Tibet the second time and tributary state system between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha build again.In 1791,Gurkhas occupied NieLaMu and ZongKa and JiLong,which complained Tibet did not comply with commitments.QianLong decided to use force.FuKangAn led the army into Tibet qulickly.Under the attack of the army of the Qing Dynasty,the army of Gurkhas retreat in defeat.The army of the Qing Dynasty entered Gorkha.Poor domestic climate of Gorkha,when logistics supply can not be guaranteed,the army of the Qing Dynasty got into corner.When Gurkhas repeatedly expressed intent to surrender, QianLong allowed his request.The army of the Qing Dynasty withdrew form Gorkha. After the war,FuKangAn with other officeholders deal with deal with bequeathed problems.ChapterⅤanalyzes during Jiaqing's administration the tributary relations problem between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha.After the war,the two countries had maintained diplomatic relations pacifically.After Gorkha king died,the royal family fell into a long period of internal strife.Seeing this is the case,Jiaqing thought this was an internal affair of Gurkhas,so he did not want to intervene.With the British forces in the subcontinent of South Asia growing and expansion of the territorial ambitions of Gurkhas,between the two countries had had a fierce unavoidable contradictions,which culminated in the outbreak of the war in 1814.Uncultured Gurkhas could not overcome Britain,the emerging capitalism country.In its war defeat,the Gurkhas requested for assistance to the Qing Dynasty.in the face of the recourse,the Qing Dynasty had refused.Taking into account border security of Tibet,the Qing Dynasty Saichonga to send to Tibet.Ultimately,isolated Gurkhas had to negotiate with the United Kingdom and signe inequitable Treaty.ChapterⅥanalysis the infection coming form different foreign policy between Qianlong and Jiaqing to the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha tributary system,as well as the type of problem tributary system.In dealing with neighboring countries's policy, Qianlong advocated force for deterrence.In Qianlong's view,can but use force in order to protect national security.Formulate such a policy of comprehensive national strength and national points can not be disjoined.Relative to Qianlong,in period of Jiaqing national declined,Corruption and peasant uprisings continued.The state's financial could not support for foreign use of force.The tributary system between the Qing Dynasty and Gorkha gave an assurance that the border of peace,being propitious to political,cultural and economic exchanges between the two countries.