| Bureaucracy is the core problem of Soviet political system. It built, developed and rigidified during Lenin and Stalin periods. Accumulated problems in these 2 periods are the important historical factors of the Disorganization of Soviet Union. On the basis of others'research, following the historical materialistic basic principle, this paper studies on the bureaucracy in Lenin and Stalin periods. The time is from 1917 to 1953.The paper comprises bureaucracy's building, developing and rigidifying, exploring its reasons, analyzing the difference and summarizing the experience and lessons. It divides into 5 chapters.The first chapter is introduction. On the view of Bureaucracy to research the disorganization of Soviet Union has just begun. At the same time, China's socialist system revolution can use it for reference. Taking a panoramic view of before and after the Disorganization of Soviet Union we can make this conclusion: before revolution doctrinarism problem existed; after revolution most views denied Soviet System. Both of them are inaccessible. We must research with Marxism view objectively. Using some new historical materials, comparing the difference between these 2 periods with various scientific methods, we research on this problem from the state management, official policy, Bureaucracy running perspective.The second chapter tries to trace the origin of Soviet regime system. From the perspective of historical evolution, the grandducal bureaucracy has significant impact on the formation of Soviet regime system. Inveteracy despotism bureaucracy and advocated authority civil consciousness branded deeply. Russia feudal Bureaucracy, the centralized autocratic system and hierarchical system kept down. In the respect of political organization, management and structure, Bureaucracy of Soviet and Russia before October Revolution are similar. In the period of Russia feudalism despotism, policy was top-down and people accepted calmly. It influenced permanently and made bureaucracy deformation in real life.Analysis from theoretical sources, the principles of the Paris Commune Marx's gave great insight to Lenin, but Lenin didn't think the Paris Commune principle was suitable for Soviet society. Lenin began to assume the bureaucracy of his future state and put forward many ideas and recommendations. Lenin's assumption experienced a developing process. Before February Revolution, Lenin advocated the proletariat to fight for democratic rights from with legitimate struggle form, indicating that Russia was not out of the scope of the bourgeois revolution yet; after February Revolution, Lenin advocated to seize power with violence, build new state power and carry into Paris Commune-style democracy. However, facing to Russian reality, there were some changes accidentally, such as the abolition of standing army, the general wage level and the election system etc. Lenin's period of "democratic centralism" is the principle of a major breakthrough in the Paris Commune and innovation, and later it evolved the system for the high concentration of BureaucracyFrom the point of political parties, leadership Bolshevik Party's organizational principles and organizational structure play an important role in future national bureaucracy.The third chapter mainly narrates the formation of Soviet regime system in Lenin period. Lenin launched a series of experiments about the design of the regime system based on the principle of the Paris Commune during the period of October 1917 to the spring of 1918(i.e. a few months). The experiments turned out to be a failure, because it was found not fit for Soviet Union's actual conditions. Since the summer of 1918 to the end of 1922, Lenin started another trial of implementation of socialism regime system of Russian characteristics. Multiple Parity Cooperation turned into One Party in the saddle. Facing to the home and abroad position, the Parity began to carry out centralized and completed leadership system. Theoretically Political Bureau, Organized Bureau and Secretary Bureau were in charge of Plenary Session, the order changed into converse structure. Meanwhile Along with the progress of the trial, Lenin detected a variety of drawbacks in the system and determined to reform it. Later during the third period from the end of 1922 till March 1923, Lenin launched the institutional reform by means of Cultural Revolution, reconstruction of state's organs to combat bureaucracy.The fourth chapter follows the second to describe the development of Soviet regime system, and underlines its gradual rigidification. Stalin, the inventor of hierarchical bureaucracy, became the supreme leader of the regime without any constraints by means of concentration of partisan, political and military powers. Thus the unitarianism of leadership was established. During the 1930s, the Union brought a series of official cadre policies into effect, unexpectedly some heterogenization also occurred. The concentration of power was strengthened by the Stalin's highly-concentrated wartime regime, and the hierarchical bureaucracy was amplified, which consequently intensified the rigidification of pyramid-shaped regime system after the post-war reorganization of state's organs.Facing the war, Stalin established a highly centralized system. Political, economic and military policies changed a lot, Stalin's concentration of Bureaucracy have been consolidated at this time. Political, economic and military policies of the major changes have taken place, during the height of Stalin's concentration of Bureaucracy more have been consolidated at this time. Till middle of 50s, cleaning the Party was always the most important method of SCP.The last chapter concludes the paper with a comparison of the regime system between Lenin's and Stalin's style. They share the common ground of the following two points:a. both advocate concentration of power;b. both favor personnel appointment regarding the cadre system.However, there are some differences: a. Lenin reinforced the monitoring function, whereas Stalin removed any such function by weakening the power of Central Monitoring Commission, and transforming its role, status and nature;b. Lenin adhered to the principle of division of labor between the party and government, whereas Stalin preferred replacement of party for government;c. Collective leadership featured Lenin's regime system, whereas Stalin pursued unitarianism of leadership and even up to brutalitarian bureaucracy;d. bureaucratism has arisen during Lenin's tenure, although not prevalent, while hierarchical bureaucracy completed its formation during Stalin's tenure, and finally culminated in personality cult;e. With regard to cadre system, Stalin actualized the survival of life tenure and leadership duality.The regime system during Lenin's and Stalin's tenure performs dual function. It was built under the unstable circumstance and approaching war in the world and strengthened during the wartime. It was suitable for the constant international and national developing need and under-development countries. Meanwhile it had many shortcomings, such as short of effective democratic supervise and resulting excessive concentration of power.Bureaucracy of Lenin and Stalin's period has momentous influence over the post-Soviet and eastern-European political system. Khrushchev, Brezhnev and Gorbachev just saw the Stalin period of political, economic, institutional and bureaucratic the surface of the privileged class of this system, and move about surgery, but the whole Stalinist system, the privileged class basically preserved. Reason for this is because they are after all a product of the Stalinist model.The study on Soviet regime system is greatly beneficial to the reform and construction of our nation's socialist political system, too.
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