A Study Of Guilin Education Development During Anti-Japanese War

Education, as a part of culture, is an important constituent elements in the the culture system. Education undertakes the heritage of national culture, carry forward the national spirit of responsibility and determines a country's strength. Japan knew this well when they launched the war of aggression against China. During the Anti-Japanese War, Chinese education was under severe destruction to an unprecedented crisis. But in the end of the war, Chinese universities in number exceeded those of the prewar. Secondary and primary education gained relative development than pre-war development. It was known as a miracle. But during the war of resistance against Japan, Guilin education was the miracle of miracles. During the war, the Guilin education developed so fast that it was regarded as a major factor promoting Guilin, an unknown small town previously, to be a " cultural city" in the history of Chinese War of resistance against Japan.How did Guilin education survive and develop under such tough environment during the war of resistance against Japan?At present, education research about the period of war of resistance against aggression has obtained certain results, most of which were from such perspective as the universities moving inland, and wartime education policy adjustment. But as far as the education development in a defined area is concerned, research achievements are relatively rare. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the trend of Guilin education development and its achievements,problems, forms and social reasons during the war of resistance against Japan. This can not only enrich the modern Chinese education history and local history research, but also benefit the analysis of education structure contradiction and the description of Chinese education development, providing reference for China's current education reform from a historical perspective.In this paper, based on the first hand literatures in the period of Anti-Japanese War, it extensively absorbs the results of previous studies, attempting to analyse Guilin education development during the war of resistance against Japan in a comprehensive manner. In accordance with Guilin at all levels of education modernization, it is divided into eight parts.The first part is the introduction and research review. It includes the wartime education policies, institutional research by the government of the Republic of China, the development of education during the Anti-Japanese War and wartime types of domestic schools development studies as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan and overseas works on education during the war of resistance against Japan.The second part elaborates the social environment for Guilin education development during the war of resistance against, from the political environment, economic environment, cultural environment, population, environment, safety respectively. Early in the war, Guangxi province was relatively stable, enabling the new GUI system to focus on provincial administration, and carrying out" four major construction projects" with respect to political, economic, cultural, military affairs. These measures were of positive significance to promote wartime Guilin culture and education development. At the same time, Guilin,with beautiful scenery, caused the widespread attention of domestic and foreign people and become the" cultural city ".It is not a coincidence that Guilin can in short-term rise quickly, becoming the main battlefield of Anti-Japanese War cultural movement as well as the" cultural city".Besides is supreme location, before the war, the new GUI system carried out a set of relatively free culture policy and political atmosphere in Guilin when the war was broken was quite attractive to cultural people. Another reason is the Communist Party of China tried to build Guilin the Anti-Japanese War Culture base. On the eve of the war, the Communist Party of China in order to relate to the anti-Japanese national united front, did a lot of work. Both sides eatablished a good cooperative relations, with the latter agreeding to establish the Eight Route Army Office in Guilin. Zhou Enlai came to Guilin3times to guide the work, and sent large quantities of prominent cultural figures such as Xia Yan, Hu Yuzhi, Shao Quanlin, Fan Changjiang, Sima Wensen to Guilin, enhancing the CPC leadership in Guilin culture community.Due to the rapid rise of Guilin as a "cultural city", and its unprecedented increase of status in the country's political, cultural arena, the GUI system, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China paid close attention to Guilin and took corresponding policies. It also caused the Japanese invaders attention and grudges,who tried to occupied it quickly. Therefore, during the period of Anti-Japanese War, Guilin faced a special and complex political, economic, cultural, demographic and security environment.The third part examines school education development in Guilin at different levels. During the war of resistance against Japan Guilin education was in comprehensive harvest From early childhood education to higher education; from the school education to social education, all gotinprecedented development. Before the war of resistance, Guilin educational developde slow. Early in the war, the Guangxi provincial government continue to focus on the implementation of the national basic education; the higher education was not paid enough attention to. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Guangxi,as the war of resistance against Japan in the rear, each aera developed very rapidly, all in urgent need for a large number of high level talents. This situation put forward new requirements for Guangxi higher education. In the wake of North China, East China, central China and Guangzhou, Hongkong falling to the invaders, large number of out-of-school youth and famous scholars gathered in Guangxi,providing possiblity for the expansion of higher education in Guilin. At the same time, Guilin witnessed the high frequency of education and scientific research, education and exchange of experience, educational conferences, lectures activities with high quantity and quality of education publications. According to incomplete statistics, Guilin boasted various schools of more than100,140times academic activity of provincial level,26education publications, mainly covering higher education, secondary education, occupation and education, teacher education, elementary education, adult education, cadre education, preschool education, primary school education.The fourth part discusses Guilin education innovation activities. During the war of resistance against Japan, Guilin education development was not only manifested in increase of all types of schools at all levels and a large number of influential teachers and students coming the Guilin in an unprecedented number, but also reflected in the active education innovation activities. This mainly refers to the advanced education thought and the practice of education content, education reform etc. During the war of resistance against Japan, in Lei Peihong's auspices, Guilin continued to carry out national basic education movement and implementation of the national school system, resulting in the fact that the two system were more perfected, and originality was more prominent. Quality education in the Anti-Japanese War Culture was a kind of value oriented one, making people aware of the nation's defects and weaknesses, understand the effects of national basic education and quality education on personals, as to explore the existing strengths and make up for inadequacy in the Anti-Japanese War, showing strong cultural consciousness in Anti-Japanese War.The fifth part explores the characteristics of the development of Guilin education during the period of Anti-Japanese war. In wartime Guilin, education development gradually achieved characterized by colorful diversity. It also contained a strong sense of political participation at all levels of education. Teachers and students, with the patriotic enthusiasm, actively participated in the Anti-Japanese national salvation. Because of the administration and the departments in charge of education promotion, education effect was distinct. During the war of resistance against Japan Guilin education also reflected a kind of continuous exploration and innovation spirit towards a new education by Guangxi locals, finally making the celebrities, schools, city reflecting each other. Wartime Guilin education development is of great significance.to China's contemporary education development. The sixth part analyzes the motivations of the development of Guilin education during the period of Anti-Japanese war. The New Gui system established relatively advanced culture and education policies, with the intention that they wanted to build guilinj a culture city. At the same time, a variety of Anti-Japanese War cultural groups of salvation activities created a good social atmosphere, determining the nature and direction of development of the Guilin education. Educational organizations carried out the correct approach to education; actively developed educational scientific research activities. The associations of sciencein in Guilin created an atmosphere of learning and using scientific knowledge and respect for talent. All these, together with educationist group leadership, promoted the development of Guilin education.The seventh part elaborated the role Guilin education played and its effect on the War and its historical influence. During the war of resistance against Japan Guilin education wide awoke people, so that the majority of people got actively involved in the stream of Anti-Japanese war. Guilin education also added color to the culture of Anti-Japanese war. Education is the dissemination of culture, an effective way of inheriting and developing playing a very important role for culture inheritage and development. Wartime Guilin education development brought the advanced ideas, technology, culture to the relatively backward city of Guilin, laying a foundation for Guilin and Guangxi modernization and producing far-reaching effect for the development of Guilin culture.During the war of resistance against Japan, educational reform in Guangxi reflected the internationalization and nationality of education. It is a new culture going with the world educational development trend and with the combination of the Chinese traditional culture depositing its essence. It is not only essecial in the war of resistance against Japan, training a large number of excellent anti-Japanese war heroes, but also after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War can still be of the foundation of national defense education and production education, taking up the mission of constructing a new China.The conclusion emphasizes the organic combination of internationailzati on and nationality in the process of education, making sure to give pri-ority to the development of education, especially to basic education and long-term education, and to the the development of education in ethnic areas.In conclusion, during the war of resistance against Japan, Guilin education in the course of its development, embodies not only similarities that southwest and even other parts of country shared, but also enjoyed its unique charateristics, owing to its special geographic environment and social historical background.