Inquiring On Justice Of Exchange

This thesis focuses on5questions. Firstly, how do we define exchange in a philosophical way? Secondly, which kinds of moral principles do belong to justice of exchange and what is the feature of justice of exchange? Thirdly, whom should not we make a business deal with? Fourthly, what should not be sold? Fifthly, what is the right way to make a business deal? In the first chapter, I focus on the definition of exchange. And exchange is a sort of bilateral or multilateral complementary behavior which is based on consent and completed by all participants. The constituents of exchange include the subject of exchange, the content of exchange and consent. The necessary conditions of exchange include basal trust between subjects of exchange; content which is able to be controlled and supplied by subjects of exchange; limited generous of subjects which is not self-sufficiency.In the second chapter, firstly I analyze and rethink the history of justice of exchange. According to the history, the key problem of justice of exchange is how we should make a transaction with each other. Equivalence principle and voluntary principle are key norms of justice of exchange. But these two norms are not able to solve all the problems faced by justice of exchange. We have to seek other norms of justice of exchange. Moreover we need to explain why these norms belong to justice instead of other moral categories and to find the distinguishing between unjust exchanges and immoral exchanges. In order to solve these problems, we should investigate roles of justice. Because once we know the roles of justice we roughly know the norms should be involved by justice. In my idea, the first role of justice is to avoid conflicts by reasonably dividing interest and the second role is to protect the dignity of human being and to guarantee basal condition of human existence and development. So the base principles of justice include voluntary principle, fairness principle, harm principle, right principle and equal principle. There are two features of justice of exchange. The first is that the judging objects of justice of exchange are very broad which including behaviors, institutions and states of affairs. When we make a moral judgment on exchange, sometimes we should distinguish behaviors of seller and that of buyer. The second is that the implement of justice of exchai requires us to attach importance both to the justice of institution and the virtue justice.In the chapter three, I focus on the question that whom should we make transaction with? Firstly, I study the capacity of volition and decision and qualification of skill and endowment which are required to guarantee the volunt principle and harm principle. In addition, in order to avoid helping the wicl perpetuate wicked deeds, we should have a qualification of moral standard. When choice trading objects we should avoid wrong discrimination. Wrong discriminat on the one hand makes an inequality of opportunity, on the other hand makes inequality of personality. Wrong discrimination injures both dignity and interests human. The thesis studies the constituents of discrimination, types of discriminat and factors deciding the moral attribution of discrimination. Moreover this the analyzes the relationship between discrimination and free market and I conclude t free market cannot remove wrong discrimination. The key point of remove wrc discrimination is to sanction the wrong discriminator and make an equal start.In chapter four, I focus on the question that what should not be sold. Firstly research the principle of right which require us should not exchange something wh we do not have just ownership or we do not have authority to exchange. The princi of right reflects the dependence of justice of exchange on social justice and justice exchange is restricted by social justice. Because what kinds of ownership are just and what kinds of approach to attain the authority to exchange are justice is depend social justice. Secondly, I investigate harm principle and what sorts of harm should forbidden by harm principle. Lastly, I analyze sex exchange, business surrogacy a organs selling to distinguish whether they are unjust and in which situation they unjust.In last two chapters, I discuss what the right way to make transaction is. Chap five investigates voluntary exchange. Firstly, I analyze and reflect two classi theories of voluntary behavior which are moralized theory of voluntary of action a empirical theory of that to lay a foundation and to direct a way to the concr research. And then I analyze two factors causing involuntary behavior:duress and ignorance. Lastly, I discuss the involuntary exchange which is intentionally caused by others and should be prohibited by justice of exchange. And I distinguish direct coercion and indirect coercion and analyze three constituents of fraud.In chapter six, I focus on fair exchange. Firstly, I distinguish the concept of justice and fairness and introduce a theory of fairness propounded by Craig L. Carr. And then analyze the fairness of process which includes fairness between seller and buyer and fairness between buyer and buyer and the fairness of outcome of which key requirement is equivalence. And I refute that there is fairness of process but fairness of outcome in exchange. The fairness of process is helpful to the fairness of outcome but it cannot guarantee that. Secondly, I research the phenomenon of exploitation which is a typical sort of unfair exchange and clarify the constituents and mechanism of exploitation. Lastly, I investigate what are free market and the relationship between it and fairness of exchange to poof that free market which is compatible with monopoly cannot guarantee the fairness of exchange. In order to realize the justice of exchange we should protect the competition of market and perform interrelated moral duties.