Goods Musical Instruments The Legal Systems Research

Musical instrument, a carrier of intonation perception, is a fundamental tool for tuning system study. The application and evolution of frets, vital infrastructures presenting the scale of string instruments, is not only a reflecting of the individual preference of each nation on tuning system, but also a practical part of the evolution of the tuning system. We could draw a conclusion that fretted instrument is one of the most effective tools to research and study the present tunning systems.Referring to organology, musical acoustics, history of music, ethnomusicology and world music, this thesis depicts the fretted instruments in the aspect of tuning system study. The instruments are usually classified in terms of methods and terminologies in organology, while the tuning system is classified by the 3 major tone systems in the world and the sequence of history time.In addition to the preface and summary, this thesis consists of 8 chapters. The first chapter includes 2 sections. The first section, which introduces the relations between the intonation and the acoustical and physical characteristics of fretted instruments, is a fundamental for an insight of the tuning system. The second section depicts the earliest graphical and literal records on frets.(Graphical records are attained from archaeological discovery, while the literal records are limited in the information source of documentary on ancient China)Starting from chapter 2 to chapter 5, a series of Chinese fretted instruments are introduced and depicted. In chater 2&3, based on pi-pa, a typical Chinese fretted instrument, the author reveals the history of fret and tuning system of fretted instruments from Qin Dynasty to modern times. Gu Qing (Seven-stringed Zither), as a special fretted instrument, is separately depicted in chapter 4. Chapter 5 introduces the fretted instruments in China modern times, including p'i-p'a in China modern times and other fretted instruments popular among minority ethnic groups in Xinjiang (Uygur Autonomous Region).Chapter 6 introduces the fretted instruments in Europe. Two typical fretted instruments(Lute and clavichord), which witness the tuning system evolution in Europe,are depicted in this chapter. Chapter 8, Fretted Instruments in India, introduces the tuning system of India by quoting the Indian musical theory and performance skills of instruments. The last chapter, Chapter 8, shows the fretted instruments in the rest of the world, focusing on the fretted instruments on a basis of Persian-Arabic tone system and other typical fretted instruments. The Summary, based on the study of fret and tuning system, concludes the relationship between the instrumental structure and the tuning system, and the influence of tuning system on instrumental structure.In a summary, this thesis move the tuning system study a step forward to a higher level of instrumental study, working as a supplementary part to the insufficiency of practical tuning system study, bridging the gap between the practice and the tuning system in theory. More than that, this thesis not only expands the musicians' vision on fretted instruments in the angle of tuning system, but also contributes to the fretted instruments related practices such as instrumental performance, composing, instrumental music making, etc., as a whole, enriching the content in the musical history and instrumental history.