The Late Qing Dynasty. Female Literary Life

From the last of 18century to the last of 18century, there are great number of the women writer in China. It's unexampled in the history of women's literature of the world. But the women writers of pro-modern China had received little attention from the scholars. For the past twenty years, China and Western scholars begin to evaluate pre-modern China's writing women. This research is purpose to assay the many aspects of women's practice of language and literature.Chapterl describes discourse relation to women writers and literature in the last of the Qing dynasty. There are many of the literati say in justification of women writers and hers writing. The canonize of the women poetry is representative of them. The conservatives insist on women poem aim to exalt the traditional norms, but the liberal literati recognize the characteristic of women's poetry. Women writers of the period acknowledged of the justice of the women's writing. Especially for women's tanci (弹词) writers, this period had a huge historical significance. Although a part of women's tanci writers demonstrate absolute conservative women thoughts, they accelerate the presentation of women's tanci in public.Chapter2 investigate the many of forms of the women writer's literature-social intercouse. The part of women writers in Jiaqing-Daoguang period are famous for social activity in literary circles. Some became student of poet. For Exemples,, "Ten poetess in Wu (吴中十子)", "The desciples of Suiyuan (随园女弟子) " and women community of Chen Wenshu (陈文述) show a variety of women-men writer's social intercourse. The relations of them are characterized by being between lesson and friendship. On the other hand, exclusive women's community had chacater of public not clearly, but part of the women's writer had achieved new life and social intercourse out of traditional "three norms" through the women writers community.Chapter3 describe relation of the description of the women writers and environment this time. Many people lay emphasis on women's talent and the literature training of girls. Many talented girls are idealized in materials. The married women are ask for being friendly wife through literate and poetic ability. Those new images highlight the personality of individual women.There are many writing women travelling for living as private teacher. Their identity is inconsistent with the gender norms of this time. The diversity of the style of women's living promote the destruction of the traditional gender norms. But there are restoration to interpret the women writer in the latter part of 19"''Chapter 4 describe the production and circulation of women's text in the late Qing. The most publications of the poetess writing are house pressing. But there is a noticeable increase in non-family publication. On the contrary, the most publication of women's tanci are commercial press. The carrier of Hou Zhi was representative from a lot of business in publication of women's tanci. There are many of anthologies in the late Qing. The collection of women poems of Yun-Zhu promote the moralism of poetess, and many anthogies follow the trend.Chapter 5 investigate how women's literature culture of Qing hav a effect on Chosun dynasty. To the 18century, Chosun hold on to traditional gender norms, and there were not the literate women's culture like Qing. But from the 19century, the part of the literati of Chosun had continuous interchange with the intellectual of Qing. They were impressed by vitality of the culture of the talented women, and this intercourse make them change a view of womenhood.