The Study Of Bei Song Xi-Feng Parnassus

XiNing and YuanFeng period is the most creative time in the Bei Song poem development history. Those poets whose works can represent Song Poem emerged in large numbers, and the Parnassus produced amazing works whether its numbers or qualities. Song Poem broke away from the old tradition of Tang Poem, and created its own style. The Xi Feng Parnassus had such achievement because:first, the Parnassus had a galaxy of talent. After unified the county, Bei Song ruling class diverted the military political power to scholar-bureaucrat political power. Bei Song created the largest and most successful civil service system since Qin Dynasty, by reformed the civil service examination and appointment rules. A large number of people in the middle and lower class had their chance to take part in the political power, this is the most important reason of the large number of talent poem emerged during that period. During the process of Bei Song unification, the ruling class cared about gathering and studying the culture books and records, recreated the culture core in north of China. During this process the north culture and the south culture melted gradually. The Parnassus, the political situation, the scholar-bureaucrat culture had a whole new scene. Bei Song set up schools in every county and encouraged open private school, so the schools covered the majority area of the whole country. And the publishing business was very prosperity. This is also a important reason for developing culture and nurturing talent people. Second, the political situation was also beneficial for the Poem Parnassus's development. Qing Li, XiNing, YuanFeng were the most dynamic period in the Bei Song political history. Most of the scholar-bureaucrat proposed to take a political and economic reform, because the country faced a lot of problems, and the Confucianism development absorbed some pragmatism factor, this new Confucianism also encouraged people to think about reform. The scholar-bureaucrat participated in the political activities enthusiastically. The situation of "govern the country with the scholar-bureaucrat" which seldom achieve really in Chinese history appeared in Qing Li and Xi Feng period. Third, the mental outlook of the scholar-bureaucrat was very well in this period. With the development of "Gu Wen movement" whose aim is to change the literature style and promote the Confucianism moral, the Confucianism values were back again and developed to more higher level. Above all these three factors are good for the creative development of the poem.Some of the high-ranking official retired from the prominent position in central government because they didn't agree with the Xi Ning reform. Most of them come to Luo Yang where posses abound in gifts of nature in landscape, and its culture environment is also good. So in Xi Feng period those officials and local poets constitute a poetry society. They were conservative in politics, their poem style approximate "Bai Ju-yi Style". Though their poems did not have too much creative, but in reflect the high society life is successful. Shao Yong's poem has ite own style. He created a kind of poem which is very flexible about the form to express his feelings and Confucianism ideas. Si Ma-guang's poem is approximate "Wan Tang Style".In the earlier time Wang An-shi followed Ou Yang-xiu literature reform movement style. His poem style was freedom and outright, showed some of the Song Poem Style. In the later period his style changed, his expression was mild, and absorbed some good factors from Tang Poem. Wang An-shi is the first person whose poem show a lot of character of Song Poem.Xi Feng period is the most creative period in Su Shi's Artistic life,90% of his masterpiece were created in this time. Su Shi's creation gave impetus to Song Poem's development. He solved the problems left by Ou Yang-xiu, Mei Yao-chen, Su Shun-qin, promoted the interior qualities of Song Poem, and changed the emotion expression patterns of the Song Poem. His works are the successful models of Song Poem.Huang Ting-jian established his unique style at the end of Yuan Feng period. His way of creation was more elaborate than Su Shi, showed a lot of changeful and subtle characters. The art of Huang Ting-jian's poem can be called a kind of "Defamiliarization" poem art. He used the way of defamiliarization to change every aspect of poem. From then on Song Poem broke away from the Tang Poem completely. Huang Ting-jian's poem is the most typical Song Poem style works.To study the poem of Wang An-shi, Su Shi, Huang Ting-jian, I take a way of differentiate style, include "Gu Shi", "Lv Shi", "Jue Ju". To integrate three style's characters can show the whole art character of one artist.The main poetry group of Xi Feng Parnassus include Su Men poetry group, Xin Dang poetry group and Jiang Xi poetry group.Besides those mainstream literature groups, there are many poetry society and groups established by scholar-bureaucrat who often traveled to different place because of been transferred to another post. Many of them are literature enthusiasts. They organize poem party with their colleagues and local friends. I studied Su Shi Hang Zhou poetry society, Wei Xiang poetry society, He Zhu Peng Cheng poetry society, Lv Nan Gong Guan Yuan poetry society. Local poets also organize poem parties and groups by themselves. Their composition shows a prosperity profile of the Xi Feng Parnassus.When people talk about the poem development climax of North Song Dynasty, most of them are inclined to agree with "Yuan You". "Yuan You" is a complicated concept. First of all it's a politic phase name, then, was borrowed into literature field. In poem field the discussion about "Yuan You" always contact with literatures own politics issue. Second, "Yuan You Ti" which was raised by Yan Yu is an little ambiguous concept. It leads different explanation. People often discuss it in two ways, generalization and concretion. When we put this issue in the history of Chinese poem, the concretion way is more reasonable. So, if want to learn clearly about the development course of Song Poem, we must distinguish the character between Xi Feng and Yuan You. They are in different phase of development of Song Poem, and in the Xi Feng period Song poem had completed its crucial change.