Integrated Research On Chunqiu And Guliangzhuan

Among the three commentaries of Chunqiu, Guliangzhuan has been paid least attention by scholars, for instance, there were just three scholarly treatises in Sikuquanshu which work on Guliangzhuan. In Han dynasty, Guliangzhuan was considered as knowledge of Lu and compared with other factors, it was kept closely touch with Confucian sects. In the other hand, from Wudi to Xuandi in Han dynasty, there was inseparable connection between Guliangzhuan and political changing of Han dynasty. Therefore, we must gain a clear idea of some elements, for example, we have to understand the academic sources of Guliangzhuan, the differences between Guliangzhuan and Gongyangzhuan, which is also a commentary of Chunqiu, and, the most of all, the effects which were made by these differences.There are three parts in this paper. First of all, the academic sources of Chunqiujing and Guliangzhuan have been initiated, with the annotated way of Guliangzhuan. Secondly, I interpreted some ideas of Guliangzhuan, including the idea of king and follower, the idea of democracy,the idea of war and the idea of avengement. At last, the effectivity of Guliangzhuan, which was made in Han dynasty while the politics was changing, has been explained.With description in Chapter 1,2 and 3, we can get a knowledge that Confucianism, which was created by confucius, annotated Chunqiu in a Confucian way, which was brought by learning-from-history-tradition. As one school of Chunqiu's commentaries, we believe that Guliangzhuan's writing and propagation lasted a long time. Because of the contact between Guliangzhuan and some sects such as Simeng, Xunzi and Hanfei, we can find that Guliangzhuan's annotation,whatever words and sentences or thoughts, can also been seen in books of Simeng sect and Xunhan sect.Moreover, some books, which were written in Qin and Han dynasty, such as Xinyu, which was produced by Lujia, and Hanshiwaizhuan, Which was produced by Hanyin, quoted lots of content of Guliangzhuan. All of the above illustrate that as a studying-Chunqiu sect, the sect of Guliangzhuan had its self-origin and not be completed by only one scholar independently.The consummation of Guliangzhuan is a gradual interpretable, dissemination and condensation process. This process reflects a process that the Confucian scholars, who lived for generations from the Warring States to Qin and Han dynasty, studying and propagating Confucian classical.On the level of thought, compared with Gongyangzhuan, we can find that there were not some odd description such as "three Ke and nine Zhi" and "Producing for Han dynasty". Pi Xirui, a famous Confucianism in Qing Dynasty, separated Chunqiu into "Dayi" and "Weiyan" two parts. "Dayi" means "Counterinsurgency", or building rational politics, and "Weiyan" means "Producing for Han dynasty", or seeking a rational way to Transfer power. Moreover, Pi Xirui said that there was just "Weiyan" in Guliangzhuan. With researching Jing and Zhuan, I agree Pi Xirui's idea:there is little content which relates with transferring power.There are lots of differences among annotations of Guliangzhuan and Gongyangzhuan or Zuozhuan, but in some details we can find that in some facts Guliangzhuan and Gongyangzhuan are sometimes similar.However, while some important political ideas are advanced, differences, whatever on the sense of propriety or mindset. between Guliangzhuan and Gongyangzhuan have appeared. Therefore, I prefer four ideas, which can represent Guliangzhuan's thought,including the idea of king and follower, the idea of democracy,the idea of war and the idea of amercement, to make a discussing. For example, on one hand Guliangzhuan believes "Zunzun", which maintain a rule that make king as king and prince as prince, but on the other hand, in order to prevent straggling for the throne, "Qinqin" is recommended. In Guliangzhuan, the rule of political degree and moral principles are mixed together to make a reasonable social order. Based on this principle, king just need to drive away, but not kill, these cognates who fight against him. Compared with Gongyangzhuan's "kill brother" and Zuozhuan's "kill cognates", there are much differences. Guliangzhuan against wars which are bad to citizens, it thought that the responsibility of war is just punishing wrong deeds, not make people injury.All of the above, this paper is based on a detailed research on Guliangzhuan's academic sources and thought, and wants to show the relationship between Guliangzhuan and political changing of Han dynasty.