Study On Aconite In Ethnic Medico-Pharmacy And On Pharmacological Experiment And Chemical Components Of Leaves Of Aconitum Kusnezoffii

Poisonous Aconitum L.plants,about 300 species in the Northern Hemisphere temperate zone,are distributed mainly in Asia,and then in the Europe and North America.In China,largely in Inner Mongolia,Beijing,Shanxi,Jilin,Heilongjiang, Liaoning,and etc.,there are 200 kinds of Aconitum L.plants,76 of which as medicines have functions of dispelling wind abd dehumidification,warming meridian and relieving pains in treating such illnesses as traumatic injury,arthiris,neurogenic pain,gestroentenritis,menoxenia,carbuncle abscess and sore toxicity.Of the whole national medicine,one important component is the traditional Mongolian medicine and pharmacy,to which more and more people in the world start to attach great importance.Due to the different historical background,culture mix and various locations of the Mongolian medicine,there exists the phenomenon that the Mongolian pharmacists use different names to indicate the same material or address different materials by the same name and that there is an overlap in the terminology between the Mongolian,Tibetan and Chinese medicine,so that there is a confusion about the names and raw materials they represent.As for aconite,in the Chinese medicine there is mainly Fuzi(processed products of daughter roots of A.carmichaeli),Chuanwu(dried mother roots of A.carmichaeli), and Caowu(dried tuber roots of A.kusnezoffii).In the Mongolian medicine,the very materal is dried tuber roots of A.kusnezoffii.And in the Tibetan medicine,there is A. flavum,A.pendulum,A.kongboense,and A.richardsonianum Lauener var. pseudosessiliflorum.Concerning the leaves of aconite,there are also differences in recognition of its original plants,variety of medicine materials and clinical application.This paper carries out a systematic and thorough study on aconite and its leaves, and consequently obtained the following results:(1)This paper summarizes the recognitions of aconite and its leaves comprehensively,including its history and current applications in the Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan medicine.In the Chinese medicine,A.carmichaeli and A. kusnezoffii are mainly used as Caowu,and owing to different locations and customs, the dried tuber of A.vilmorinianum,A.karakolicum,A.hemsleyanum,A. paniculigerum,A.sungpanense,and A.Taipeicum are used as its substitute.In the Mongolian medicine,it is believed that every Aconitum L.plant with purple-blue flower and tuberous root could be used as Caowu.Consequently,there have been 13 species and 4 varieties of Aconitum L.used as Benga(Caowu),which are A. Kusnezoffii,A.yinshanicum,A.ambiguum,A.fischeri,A.septentrioale,A. carmichaeli,A.bailangense,A.rotundifolium,A.barbatum,A.flavum,A.coreanum, A.beunneum,A.pulchellum,A.paniculigerum var.wulingense,A.jeholense var. anguius,A.barbatum var.hispidum and A.barbatum var.puberulum respectively.In the Tibetan medicine,A.flavum,A.pendulum,A.richardsonianum and A. kongboense are mainly used as Benga.Due to different original places and customs, as Caowu's substitute there is the dried tuber of A.tongolense,A.kongboense var. villosum,A.gezaense,A.bracteolosum,A.acutiusculum var.aureopilisum,A. stramineiflorum,A.dolichorhynchum,A.forrestii,A.kongboense,A.kongboense var. polycarpu,A.benzilanense,A.richardsonianum,A.yangii and A.styloseum.Because there has been no agreement achieved in the Mongolian medicine on the study in Aconitum L.plants,there is still confusion between the Mongolian names and the Tibetan names of Aconitum L.plants.In the Chinese medicine,aconite's leaves are not used in clinic practice,but in the Tibetan medicine,the dried leaves of A.pendulum and A.pendulum are used,and in the Mongolian medicine the dried leaves of A.Kusnezoffii are mainly used.(2) This paper concludes a relatively systematic and comprehensive summary about the pharmacology,drug-processing,toxicology research and present clinical practice of Caowu which is used in the traditional Mongolian Medicine,Tibetan Medicine and Chinese Medicine.(3) This paper summarizes the alkaloids(including diterpene alkaloid and non-diterpene alkaloid) and non-alkaloids(mainly flavonoids) obtained from aconite in last ten years.It provides a relatively comprehensive reference to the research on the chemical components of aconite.From 1998 to 2007,more than 400 species of new alkaloids have been isolated and identified from aconite.According to the structure characteristics,the alkaloids can be classified as C19(C18) diterpene alkaloid,C20 diterpene alkaloid,non-diterpene alkaloid,compounds of flavonoids, etc.(4) This paper summarizes the pharmacological activity and clinical application of the leaves of A.kusnezoffii,providing a relatively comprehensive reference to the further study.(5) An initial experiment of different concentrations of Bateri-7 pills,whose main component is the leaves of A.kusnezoffii,has been done in order to know the the inhibition effect on cancer cell growth.It is found that different concentrations of Bateri-7 pills can inhibit external cultivate MGC803 of cancer in stomach and LOVO cell of cancer of colon,and the effect is proportional to the concentration.The findings not only fill in the blank of Mongolian set prescriptions in preventing cancer, but also provide a new way and basic theory of the leaves of A.kusnezoffii in curing the cancer.(6) An initial study has been carried on immunity,anti-inflammation,pain-ease of extraction of chloroform from the leaves of A.kusnezoffii.It is indicated that the extraction could increase the content of IgG in serum,and promote the immune function of body fluid,that the extraction could inhibit the rat's auricle swelling causted by xylene and the rat's granuloma causted by cotton ball,and have anti-inflammation function,and that the extraction could inhibit rat's pain causted by heat board and have the function of pain-ease. (7) A primary study has been carried on immunity,anti-inflammation,pain-ease of extraction of butana from the leaves of A.kusnezoffii.It is indicated that the extraction could increase the content of IgG in serum,and promote the immune function of body fluid,that the extraction could inhibit the rat's granuloma causted by cotton ball,and have anti-inflammation function,and that the extraction could inhibit rat's pain causted by heat board and have the function of pain-ease.(8) From alcohol extracts of the leaves of A.kusnezoffii,11 compounds have been separated by using the methods of Solvent Extraction,Acid-base Treatment, Silica Gel Chromatography,Polyamide Chromatography,Macroporous Adsorption Resin Chromatography,Sephadex LH-20 Column Chromatography,Recrystallization etc.By employing nmr spectrum,mass sepectrometry and other spectrum technology, it is identified that these structure of compounds are AKP-1a,AKP-1b,AKC-2,AKC-4, AKC-2,AKE-2,AKE-3,kaempfero1-3-(6"-acetyl)-o-β-D-AKE-4,kaempferol -3-(6"-acetyl)-oβ-D-AKE-5,(10bs)8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo-[2, 1-a]isoquinoline-3-one(AKB-1),(3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-tetrol(AKB-3).Besides sterol compounds(AKP-1a,AKP-1b,AKE-2)and long-chain fatty alcohol(AKP-2),the rest compounds are separated from Aconitum L.plants for the first time.Among the 11 kinds of chemical compounds,(10bS)8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo -[2,1-a]isoquinoline-3-one(AKB-1) from the extracting experiment is the only non-diterpene alkaloid,which is a new non-diterpene alkaloid extracted from Trollius chinensis for the first time by Ru Feng Wang and his colleagues in 2004.This findings not only enrich the alkaloid varieties of the leaves of A.kusnezoffii,but also lay the scientific foundation for the research.on the leaves of A.kusnezoffii.