Study On The Distribution Characters Of PAHs In Particulate Matter In Typical Cities Of Jilin Province

Atmospheric particulate is a kind of multiphase system composed of all solid orliquid particles scattered in the atmosphere. The sources are divided into two kinds,the natural sources and human sources. The atmospheric particulates account only asmall proportion in the atmosphere pollutants, but they can widely participate invarious atmosphere chemical processes, directly or indirectly influence the ecologicalsystem, and have a strong effect on environment, climate and human health, etc.Different topography and geomorphology, different weather conditions and differentsources of particle pollution emission have obvious seasonal characteristics. Theeffect of particulates in the atmosphere depends on the physical and chemicalproperties, the quality and quantity determine how much inhaled particles could makepeople sick, the size decides which part particles could enter into human body. Ourcountry is one of the relatively serious air pollution countries, the averageconcentration of atmospheric particulates and dust exceed the national secondarystandard, and exceed1-7times than the upper limit value of the World HealthOrganization (90μg/m3). Atmospheric pollution types of our urban areas are changingfrom coal smoke pollution to coal smoke-mobile vehicle composite pollution type.In recent years, there are more and more studies of atmospheric particulates.Among atmospheric particulate pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)is a kind of much more important organic pollutant. It could enter into human bodyhave "cancer, teratogenic and the mutation" characteristics, and can cause a greatharm to the human healthy. Therefore, domestic and foreign scholars pay more andmore attention to PAHs. PAHs have been included in the list of major pollutants inmany countries, as persistent toxic substances greatly harmful to the human health in the environment. Through the coal, motor vehicle emissions into the atmosphere andthrough the dry and wet deposition into the environment, PAHs have the influence tothe surrounding environment. Its impact on the environment is not only limited to theatmosphere, but also the soil environment. The soil is the foundation of food safety; itcould pass the food chain transmission, so the soil pollution is extremely difficult totreat, including PAHs pollution to the plant. Other studies suggest that if existing inwater, it will also cause water pollution, damage to aquatic animals, and harm theentire ecosystem. So, the research of PAHs in the environment is very necessary.In this thesis, five typical cities in Jilin province were selected to clearly describethe pollution distribution characteristics of PAHs in them. The five typical cities areChangchun, Jilin, Siping, Tonghua and Baicheng. In the five cities, many monitoringsites were set according to the principle of even distribution in the area and alsoconsidering the atmospheric auto monitoring stations at first. In Changchun, there are8atmospheric auto monitoring stations,4in Jilin,2in Siping,2in Tonghua, and2inBaicheng. Totally, there are18atmospheric auto monitoring stations in five typicalcities in Jilin province.The equipments of monitoring were NO.2050medium flow PM10/TSP samplorproduced by Laoshan Applied Institute of Qingdao euqiped with glass films with theflow rate of100L/min in contious24hours.This paper obtains the PAHs pollution characteristics, by sampling and analyzingand correlation processing of five typical urban in the Jilin province, Changchun city,Jinlin city, Siping city, Tonghua city and Baicheng city, then put forward thecorresponding countermeasures and measures. The main conclusions are thefollowing:(1) In the measured PAHs results of five typical cities in Jilin province, theconcentration of Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benz[a]anthracene, chr, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene,Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene are more than10ng/m3,the concentration of Phenanthrene, Anthracene,Dibenz[a,h]anthracene are less, and average concentration of other PAHs are below1.0ng/m3. Compared to the other domestic city of PAHs content in atmospheric particulates, ΣPAHs content is just above Hong Kong`s, and equal to Macau andTaichung`s, far lower than the heavy industry cities like Beijing, Xuzhou, Yianjin andXi`an; Compared to the foreign cities, ΣPAHs content in Jilin province is lower thanChicago, London, and similar to Villeroy in Canada, higher than Munich in German.Atmospheric particulates ΣPAHs content in Jilin province is not very high, but theconcentration of the BaP is higher than the western countries. The reason is that Jilinprovince is located in the northeast, in winter heating period lasts for about half a year,the fuel is mainly coal, and in Jilin city chemical production will also aggravatepollution level of Benzo[a]pyrene, these reasons make BaP concentration higherwithin the scope of jilin province. Through the judgment of PAHs characteristics ratiomethod, the main source of atmospheric particulates PAHs in Jilin province is coalburning and automotive related source.(2) Related analysis and variance analysis show that during non-heating periodthe degree of correlation of PAHs is high among the cities, all is in significant level of0.01, refuses to uncorrelated original hypothesis, and accepts the highly correlatedalternative hypothesis. During heating period among the cities degree of correlation ishigh, all is in significant level of0.01, refuses to uncorrelated original hypothesis, andaccepts the highly correlated alternative hypothesis. The variance analysis results ofPAHs contamination in five cities show that there exist significant differences of thePAHs contamination level between cities.(3) Statistics test results show that in the sampling results during heating periodand non-heating period of the four cities, only the p value of "Phenanthrene" and"Anthracene" are less than0.25, that is in95%of the confidence level, the mean oftwo substances are significantly different during heating period and non-heatingperiod, other PAHs pollutants have no significant differences during heating periodand non-heating period.(4) Correspondence analysis results show that during non-heating periodBaicheng city and Tonghua city affected by various organic compounds are consistent;the main pollution sources in Jilin city are road dust and city comprehensive dust. InSiping city the main source of PAHs contamination is road dust. During heating period Siping city and Tonghua city affected by various organic compounds areconsistent, mainly Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, Benz[a]anthracene,Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, the source is the soil dust. Around Jilin city and Baicheng cityorganic pollution is mainly Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene and Dibenz[a,h]anthracene, main source is road dust and city comprehensive dust. The air organicpollution of Changchun city is less, and the air quality is good.(5) Receptor morphology analysis results show that in five cities all receptorsampling of electron microscopy image basically present wistiti polymer adsorbed inthe glass fiber, mixed with spherical particles, which appear irregular shape, roughsurface, alternate with light and dark; part of the particles have no sharp edges, andwith smooth surface, present a clear crystal structure; part of the particles are ball andchain together.(6) Source apportionment results show that using the CMB analytical model,during heating period the data of Siping city and Tonghua city have no analytic resultof source apportionment. In addition, during heating period in these five cities themain sources of PAHs are city comprehensive dust, road dust and coal dust; duringnon-heating period is city comprehensive dust, road dust and soil dust. Using FAanalytical method, during non-heating period, the main organic pollution sources ofPAHs are coal burning dust and road dust. During heating period is coal burning dust.The results of using the PPR analytic model have good consistency with othermethods.Countermeasures study of PAHs contamination suggests that the prevention andcontrol measures of PAHs in the atmosphere could be divided into two aspects,(1) tocontrol PAHs emissions;(2) to take measures to deal with PAHs.To control PAHs emissions we take up two aspects,(1) to formulate specificpolicies, regulations, standards to limit PAHs emissions;(2) to take measures tocontrol PAHs emissions.Atmospheric particulates PAHs in Jilin province mainly come from coal burningemissions and automobile emissions. To reduce PAHs pollution in the environment,according to local situation, we could formulate local standards. For coal burning emissions, we could take the following measures,(1) to use thecentral heating supply for city living area and factory, eliminate small stoves, convertbriquette as fuel, and gradually realize the coal gasification;(2) in the industrial zoneto use fuel oil for coal, or use briquette;(3) to carry out coal washing processing,replace cyclone dust collector with electrostatic precipitator or bag filter, at presentthere is good promotion in Changchun city.For automobile emissions, we could take the following measures,(1) to developclean energy, change the engine fuel, for example to use natural gas to replacegasoline, at present in Changchun city most of the buses use CNG as fuel, part of taxisuse LPG as fuel;(2) to install catalytic purification system for engine vehicles;(3) toimprove the traffic environment, reduce the exhaust emissions.Variance analysis shows that PAHs in Jilin, which is the chemical city, isdifferent from other cities. Therefore, we should reasonably adjust the industrialstructure of Jilin city, reduce PAHs emissions.To the atmosphere pollution having been caused by PAHs, we could usebiological or chemical method to deal with. Purification practical new technologies ofPAHs need to be further development.In this paper, three aspects of innovation points were achieved as following:1The main focus of relative research of PAHs in the urban atmosphericparticulates is concentrated on the single city. The comparing study within theprovincial scale area is limited. In this thesis, we put forward to comparative study ofcities atmospheric particulates PAHs distribution characteristics for the first time in aprovincial range, and lay the foundation for the atmosphere PAHs related research inJilin province. The results show that except Changchun, the value of∑PAHs in thefour cities, Jilin, Tonghua, Siping and Baicheng are very high and the concentration ofBaP is also very high. Among the PAHs, low rings PAHs account for very big ratio inthe heating seasons. But during the non-heating season, high rings PAHs account forthe same ration with low rings PAHs. Among all the cities,4-rings in the low ringsaccount for the absolutely high ration, even nearly50%or more. 2By sampling and analysis the urban atmospheric particulates PAHs organicpollutants in the five typical cities in Jilin province, the typical ratio value werecalculated. The source of PAHs organic pollutants in the urban atmosphericparticulates in the five typical cities in Jilin province are from coal burning andvehicle emittion.3In this thesis, we applyed several methods for source apportionment of organicpollutants to obtain the main pollution sources of PAHs in the five typical cities inJilin province.