| Since reforming and opening up, grain production of China is full of twists and turns. From1999to2003, it had been continuous decline in grain production. In recent years, net food imports rose sharply even under the background of grain production increased eleven. Along with the economic growth, there would increase or decrease in Chinese grain output? What is the reason behind the change of grain production? How to achieve the steady growth of grain production, and ensure national food security? To answer these questions, we need to carry on a thorough research on the law of grain production from a wider angle of view. Global food crisis has been occurred in2007-2008or2011. It indicates that there are still a lot of unpredictable changes in the world grain production. The main purpose of this paper is to research grain production in the process of economic growth, and to probe and analyze the reasons and mechanism of grain production change.In this paper, food production in the process of economic growth and why they change are researched by making use of theories and methods of statistics, agricultural economics, econometrics, accounting and history. There are development and innovation in the research angle of view, content and methods. First of all, grain production in the process of China’s economic growth was studied with the help of statistical analysis and autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). Secondly, why and how grain output change in China’s economic growth are researched through detailed study of changes in factor inputs, technological progress and technical efficiency, comparative benefit and income of grain production. Some research technique and tool were used in the process of study, such as, Tornqvist-Theil productivity index, translog stochastic frontier production function model (SFA), cost benefit analysis etc. Third, grain production in the process of World’s economic growth was studied. Fourth, why and how grain output change in World’s economic growth are researched by making use of a comparative study of China, USA, Japan and Britain other than the afore-mentioned research method.The main conclusions of the empirical research are as follows:1. There are no the consistency of law of grain production in the process of economic growth.2. The process of the resource allocation based on the deepening of division of labor and transaction is the mechanism of grain production changes in the process of economic growth. The farmers’or operators’motive for seeking income or profit maximization is the ultimate cause of grain output fluctuation.3. Globally, the grain production is a lower income activity, mainly caused by improper government intervention in the market activities.4. As the world economy continues to grow, there is sustainable growth potential in the grain production. The key is to let the market mechanism to play a full role and to promote grain production income continuously improving. Policy implications are as follows:1. Government policy in terms of grain production should help to let the market mechanism to play a full spontaneous interest coordination function.2. Government policy should be used to supplement the defects of the market. For example, government should provide policy insurance or encourage commercial insurance in the frame of market mechanism. The intent is to provide a survival guarantee for grain producers or operators who had suffered serious losses in the process of industrial adjustment.3. The less-developed countries or regions should increase the investment in food production as well as be in pursuit of economic growth, which would promote the level of grain yield. The developed countries should continue to maintain or even increase the agricultural science and technology investment, which would push the world frontier grain yield increasing.4. Improper intervention policy which has distorted market behavior should be rectified quickly. The profit of grain production should be improved appropriately.
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