| Since Chinese reform and opening-up, with the constant improvement of the opening to the world, China’s foreign trade scale has been expanded. China’s total import and export value of goods was $4.16 trillion which was the first in the world in 2013, and the service trade value was $539.6 billion which was the third in the world in 2013, international trade plays a more and more important role in promoting China’s economic and social development. At the same time, with the scale expansion, China’s international trade organizer and organization are all in change. Our study finds that many enterprises organize international trade through trade companies, foreign buyers and trade intermediaries in a lot of specialized market and industrial areas in China in recent years, and a lot of professional trade intermediaries embedded in certain economic space. These professional trade intermediary not only do business in local place, their daily life, language learning, children education, religious belief and other aspects also highly embedded in local business social network. The mutual interaction of them gradually brings about intermediary international trade which is mainly organized by the professional intermediaries in these areas, and thus it brings about different regional economic development path.Based on new-new trade theory which focuses on the phenomenon of intermediary trade(Antras and Costinot, 2010; Bernard et al., 2010; Ahn et al., 2010; Blum et al., 2010; Akerman, 2010; Wong and Wright, 2013), after breaking through theory framework of new-new trade, this paper tries to use the new classical economics theory and method to reveal the endogenous mechanism and its economic development effect of international trade way which is determined by professional trade intermediaries in specific economic space, so that it will help to overcome the new-new trade framework’s neglecting on the time heterogeneity of trade intermediaries, and also will make up for new classical trade theory model’s neglecting on space heterogeneity of professional trade intermediaries. The core purpose of this paper is to reveal how is international trade organized by professional trade intermediaries, so that it can replace general trade way and processing trade way gradually in many Chinese professional market cluster areas, and how do professional trade intermediary have an effect on international trade way and the different regional economic development path. Research on these questions will bring about important implications whether enriching international trade theory system or promoting the transformation of China’s international trade and improving trade efficiency. Therefore, this article mainly contains following eight parts.The first part: introduction. After analysis of the background of professional trade intermediaries which embedded in many markets and industrial agglomeration area, this part extracts the core research problem in this paper, and it gives out the important theoretical and realistic significance of this study.Then this paper systematically presents the research methods, the research framework, the technical route and research difficulty of this paper. This paper also reveals the possible innovation points of this paper. Finally this part gives the preliminary research results of this study and the related preparation, and we discuss the relationship between them and research in this paper.The second part: the relevant literature review. Related to this study, there are some important theories,such as the mode and interests distribution of international trade theory,professional intermediaries theory, intermediary trade theory, endogenous comparative advantage theory, industrial agglomeration area with the international trade market fragmentation of value chain theory and market procurement trade way theory. After revealing research topics of this article, we review the related theories and the four weaknesses existing in the present study.The third part: the theoretical basis and analysis framework:connotation, condition and evolution characteristics of international trade way.In this section, After revealing new classical economics and new classical trade theory, we study the connotation,endogenous foundation and evolution characteristics of the core concept "international trade way". Firstly,this paper analyzes the development process of new classical economics and new classical trade theory, and it refines the main research methods, characteristics and basic model which will be good for the theoretical analysis and model analysis of this paper; Secondly, we give out basic definition,type and phases of evolution characteristics of international trade way from the angle of trade services subject to be chosen; Lastly, this part discusses the evolution process and mechanism of professional intermediary’s space embed which also has effect on international trade way. This part provides a feasible research framework for theoretical and empirical research of this paper.The fourth part: division of labor, professional intermediaries and international trade way’s evolution: selection mechanism of trade service agent. This section conducts a infra-marginal analysis of the evolution process and mechanism of international trade way which contains the process coming from direct to indirect mode by using the theory of new classical economics and new classical trade method, so that we reveal the selection mechanism of trade service subject and construct theoretical models of international trade way. First of all, we build a infra-marginal model which contains the production enterprises, service intermediaries and intermediate products supplier.Meanwhile,we do a super-marginal general equilibrium analysis and comparative static analysis of international trade way’s evolution which starts from direct to indirect way, so that we get the transformation conditions of evolution process; Secondly, we build a model including the final products production experts, trading service intermediaries, distribution service intermediaries and all kinds of economic policymakers to reveal the labor division structure’s time heterogeneity in international trade,and then we take a super-marginal general equilibrium analysis and comparative static analysis of circuitous-type international trade way,so as to reveal the evolution mechanism and condition of circuitous-type international trade way.The fifth part: endogenous comparative advantage, professional intermediaries’ agglomeration and international trade way: mechanism of space embedded. The core research content of this section is how do professional trade service intermediaries which embedded in certain economic space has impact on international trade way. For this, this part pays more attention to trade service productivity and trade exchange efficiency’s effect on international trade development from the perspective of endogenous comparative advantage, and that we reveal space embedded mechanism of international trade way which is organized by trade intermediary. This part provides a theoretical basis for many specialized areas to promote the evolution of international trade by cultivating endogenous comparative advantage in our country.The sixth part: international trade way’s evolution effect on economic development: economic quality’s improvement and urbanization. Based on the above theoretical model, this part will focus on revealing the economic growth effect of international trade way’s evolution, and it contains the economic growth quality’s improvement and the optimizing of economic space. So we build a theoretical framework for the mechanism of international trade way’s evolution which is determined by professional intermediary,so that we provide comprehensive theoretical analysis basis for chapter 7.The theoretical analysis and conclusion of this section will provide reliable theoretical and beneficial policy enlightenment for a lot of specialized market and industrial concentration area in our country through developing of embedded-type intermediary trade to promote local economic development and urbanization, so as to avoid falling into a "negative" urbanization.The seventh part: case study: new classical framework and evolution characteristics of international trade way in Yiwu. This section testifies theoretical framework, theory model and research propositions of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth chapter in this paper by providing a single case study. First of all, this chapter demonstrates the applicability and scientific aspects of Yiwu’s international trade way; secondly, after description of the study method and its data sources,we test the general evolution process and new classical characteristics of Yiwu’s international trade way, so that we confirm research proposition 4.1.1, proposition 4.1.2, proposition 4.2.1, proposition 4.2.2, proposition 5.1.1 and 5.1.2; thirdly, after revealing the evolution mechanism of Yiwu’s international trade way, we specially have a research on the case of market-procurement trade way which has typical significance and the enlightenment value to Yiwu, thus the related research propositions are all confirmed again in this paper; Finally, after the analysis of large amounts of data, this part reveals the relationship between Yiwu international trade way’s evolution and the regional economic development or urbanization, so that research proposition 6.1.1, proposition 6.1.2, proposition 6.1.3, proposition 6.1.4, proposition 6.1.5 and proposition 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 are all confirmed.The eighth part: the research conclusions, policy recommendations and research prospects. On the basis of the above theoretical and empirical research, this part summarizes the main conclusions of this study, we put forward some related policy suggestions about cultivating new international trade advantage and promoting the economic growth, local urbanization through taking use of local advantages of specialization and transaction efficiency advantage for government, industry organizers, market managers, production enterprises and trade intermediaries;We also summarize the research value and the insufficiency of the paper.Based on the above research work, this paper draws the following conclusions:(1)International trade which is resulting from professional trade intermediary’s space embedded is an important phenomenon in economic development process, it is worthy of deeply studying for the theoretic and industry academy;(2) There is a strong applicability for new classical economics and new classical trade theory and method to reveal the evolution mechanism of international trade organization, new classical economics is an important theory to have a research on the evolution of international trade organization;(3)international trade way which is different from the traditional international trade mode is an international trade organization and its space embedded way, international trade way will change from direct type(independent model) to the indirect type(embedded-type) through improving endogenous production efficiency and transaction efficiency advantage;(4) with the endogenous production efficiency and transaction efficiency advantages’ continuous improvement.According to professional trade intermediaries’ role and type, international trade way changes from direct to indirect way, and circuitous-type way includes agent-type and distribution-type. In the evolution process, final products learning cost and trade efficiency are the main factors to promote direct trade to indirect trade.If the market transaction efficiency is constant, labor-intensive goods are more inclined to choose indirect trade channels, and capital-intensive products or lower service-intensive products tend to choose direct international trade channels; the improving of the trade system efficiency is an effective path to attract trading middlemen, so as to promote circuitous international trade way evolution;(5)The dynamic change of endogenous comparative advantages determines the professional trade intermediary’s space embedded mechanism which determines the basic evolution rhythm of international trade way from independent-type to embedded-type. With the improving of international trade service productivity which results from the labor division structure’s evolution in special economic space, the transaction efficiency threshold which helps professional trade intermediaries to embedded in particular economic space and involve in international trade division will reduce to a lower level,so as to promote the independent way to embedded-type international trade;(6) international trade way’s evolution can lead to optimize the allocation of labor, improve labor productivity, expand market capacity, improve per capita income level and narrow the income gap,it is also a process during which region urbanization will change from negative to positive and new-type one;(7)the evolution of Yiwu international trade way is a strong research samples, on one hand, Yiwu case verifies the theoretical model and analysis framework of this article, on the other hand,it also provides the beneficial enlightenment to promote intermediary trade development in our country and to form the specific regulation system of international trade way.This paper can be regarded as a theoretical exploration to build infra-marginal model, reveal mechanism and verify theory for the professional trade intermediary’s function on international trade way’s evolution. Meanwhile, this paper is a specific application of new classical economics and new classical trade theory in Chinese situation, this will help us to gain the effective docking between classical framework and the Chinese case, and our research also will promote the new classical economics to explain and guide China’s future economic reform successfully, and we can extract more research subject from this process. |
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