| Sports anemia is an important issue attracting the attention of the sports medicine circle for it is a major factor restricting the improvement of sports performance. So far, the mechanism of sports anemia remains uncertain. Nevertheless, effective methods in the prevention and treatment of sports anemia have been taken seriously by the academic circles. Presently, studies about sports anemia mechanism mainly focus on iron metabolism, while those about hemopoietic growth factors of erythrocyte and metabolism of hemoglobin are seldom seen. Based on animal and human experiments, this paper attempts to make a systematic study of sports anemia on blood, urine, liver, kidney and bone marrow.Animal experiment started by establishing rats model of sports model based on long-term treadmill exercise of progressive loading and rats were divided randomly into exercise+nutrition group (Ex+Ad) and exercise group (Ex) after sports anemia, then continuing treadmill training was imposed. The results of the experiment indicated:(1) The comparison made between groups reveals that in the Hb, RBC and Hct exercise group were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). It confirms the success of establishing a rat model of sports anemia and contributes to the further research on the mechanism of sports anemia.(2) The results of scanning electron microscope of erythrocyte shape indicated that the abnormality rate was low in control group, while that in Ex+Ad group was no difference with that in control group (P>0.05) and a higher abnormality rate in Ex group (PO.01).(3) There were significant changes in serum G-CSF of rats between normal and sports anemia conditions, the index in the Ex group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). And there was no significant difference between Ex+Ad group and control group (P>0.05). However, no significant differences were found in GM-CSF, IL-3 and EPO. In addition, gene expression of EPOR in bone marrow wassignificantly lower in Ex group than that in control group (P<0.01), while no significant difference existed between Ex+Ad group and control group (P>0.05).(4) There were no significant changes in heme anabolism and gene expression of globin in bone marrow between normal and sports anemia conditions. However, the treadmill exercise increased the heme catabolism and caused morphological changes in liver, such as abnormity of hepatic lobes, opacity and swelling of hepatocyte or hydropic degeneration with severe vacuoles. It was demonstrated that long-term treadmill exercise of progressive loading could influence Hb, RBC, Hct by heme catabolism in liver. In addition, these differences were not found between Ex+Ad group and control group, and nutrition administration could significantly weaken the effect of exercise on liver.The subjects for human experiment were members of the Chinese youth team of kickboxing and middle-distance race team of a sport school. According to sex and results of Hb, the subjects were divided into female sports anemia group, female control group, male sports anemia and male control group. And a scheme of nutrition administration was implemented on the sports anemia groups. The results of the experiment demonstrated:(1) Experimental results of 2,3-DPG in whole blood and erythrocyte showed that the 2,3-DPG in sports anemia group was not significantly higher than control group. Therefore it is not possible to study the mechanism of sports anemia based only on the right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin.(2) Haemolysis was observed after the exercise in both sports anemia group and control group, and no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Therefore, exercise haemolysis is not the unique contributor to sports anemia.(3) Serum EPO and T levels did not change significantly in sports anemia subjects after compound dosages of anti-sports anemia administrated, which indicated that nutrition probably play the function prevention and treatment from other approaches.
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