Studied On Inducement Of Tetraploid And Progeny In Biology Of Grapes

The protocal for increasing the ployploid inducing rates were studied by using diploid grapes of Qingdao Zaohong, Anshan Zaohong, and Rizamat, and their VM1 and VM2 progeny were studied on patterns of variation. The autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg, which was obtained by inducement of Colchicine, was studied on variation of rooting ability of green cuttings and leave photosynthesis, and on some indexes for polyploid evaluation. The main results were as followed.1. Improving of protocal in shoot tips inducement of ColchicineThe shoot tips survival rates after treated with Colchicine were increased by using the combination of moisture keeping bags, newspaper bags, and shading net, and removing these materials gradually. The surving rate could reach higher than 90%. The primary selection technic for VM1 progeny was systematically improved, and the technic for fast seclection for VM1 and VM2 was as also. It was found that the polyploid plants obtained from inducement of Colchicine had a big varivation after asexual propagation. The amount of VM2 plants should be increased for selection. There were 13 new polyploid strains of Anshan Zaohong and Rizamat grapes obtained in this experiment.2. Systematical studing in the variation patterns after shoot tips inducement of ColchicineSignificant variation was found in vein macro-structure of leaves in autotetraploid grapes. The dominant feature of main vein was abreaction. The symmetry of side veins along the main veins was weak. More leaves became cuniform or nephroid in shape, and had less veins.A broad variation was found among the VM1 progeny in terms of the leaves macro-structure or micro-structure after the inducement of Colchicine, including thirteen aspects in macro-structure such as leaf shape, size, vein, margin, etc. New patterns of leaves occurred.3. Variation of autotetraploid grapes in rooting characteristics(1) In the aspect of morphology, the green cuttings of autotetraploid grapes had poor rooting ability compared to their mother plants in terms of their adventitious rooting rate, adventitious roots number per cuttings, and lengh of total adventitious roots. (2) In the aspect of anatomy, the green cuttings of autotetraploid grapes had larger medullary area and fewer medullary rays. During the phase of primary root inducement, its epidermal cells and cortex cells differentiation too early and too much, that led this phase last for one day longer; and during the phase of primary root development, the top of the primary roots became flat, smooth, and big in size. That could be the reason to lead the poor rooting ability of the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg. The development of the rooting of green cuttings in autotetraploid grapes could be divided into three phases as primary root inducement, primary root development, and adventitious root development.(3) In the aspect of physiology, the carbon nutrition, phenolics, flavone, enzyme activities of IAAO, POD, and PPO, and hormone changed significantly in the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg during the process of the rooting of green cuttings.①The content of soluble solid sugar in the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg was lower than that of the diploid Muscat Hamburg all the time during the rooting process. The content of starch in the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg was higher than that of the diploid Muscat Hamburg at the beginning of the primary roots inducement, but lower than that during the late of the primary roots inducement with different changing tendency. The content was lower for the autotetraploid during the 3rd day to 15th day period.②The content of flavone in cortex at basal part of the green cuttings in autotetraploid was significant higher at the beginning of the primary root inducement phase than that of the diploid, and lower at the late period with different changing tendency. The content in the autotetraploid was lower than that of the diploid after the 3rd day. The content of phenolics in the autotetraploid was higher in the beginning of the primary root inducement phase than that of the diploid and lower after the 3rd.③During the primary root inducement phase, the activity of IAAO in the autotetraploid was significant higher than that of the diploid; the activity of POD in the autotetraploid was significant lower than that of the diploid; and the activity of PPO in the autotetraploid was significant higher than that of the diploid and lower than that at the late period.④It was not only the hormone content in cortex of cuttings was changed during the different phases of cutting's rooting, but also the reaction of that part to NAA applied was changed after the double of its chromosome. During the adventitious inducement period (0~3 d), the content of Auxin that supposed to promote the rooting decreased and the content of ABA and GA that supposed to inhibit the rooting increased, and the ratio of Auxin to ABA and GA dropped. With application of NAA, the content of GA, ZT, and ZR did not decrease as normal but increase, and the tendency of hormone was changed.4. Variation of photosynthesis characteristics in autopolyploidyThe content of chlorophyll of the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg increased, the lengh and width of cells in palisade tissue increased, and the layers of cells in palisade tissue decreased compared to the diploid plants. Its photosynthesis characteristics had a significant variation.①The optimal temperature for photosynthesis of autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg was 20℃. Under controlled temperature condition, the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg No.2 showed highest sensitivity to the changing of temperature with highest ability of tolerating to the high temperature. The No. 1 and diploid plants showed less sensitivity to the changing of temperature.②Under natural condition, the patterns of photosynthesis of both autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg and diploid Muscat Hamburg were double peak curves. For the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg No.1 and diploid Muscat Hamburg, the first peak occurred at 9:00 and the second peak occurred at 14:00, and the value of the first peak was higher than that of the second one. During 9:00 to 11:00, the net photosynthetic rate did not decrease significantly. The first peak of the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg No.2 occurred at 9:00 and the second peak occurred at 13:00, and the value of the first peak was about the same as the second. During 9:00 to 11:00, the net photosynthetic rate decreased significantly. Then the net photosynthetic rate of the autotetraploid Muscat Hamburg No.2 was low. The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate for differnet ploidy plants were as M4x-1﹥M2x﹥M4x-2.5. Modification of some evaluation methods for polyploid selectionThe slide making process for the stoma observation was simplified for easy-to-do and having better result, which could increase the efficiency. A new method for mesuring alabastrum size was developed with higher precision. Leaf flat grade was applied to the variation evaluation. The procedure was that: taking picture of lower surface of leaf from 30 degree incident light angle by using digital camera, caculating its leaf flat grade as"100-standard deviation", and it was considered as variation occurred when the ratio of offsprings to its mother plants of the some position leaves reached 1.3.