Studies On Haematology Of Several Economic Fish In Middle And Upper Reaches Of Yangtze River

Haematological specimens of wild famous economic fish Coreius heterodon,Coreius guickenoti and Rhinogobio ventralis were collected and the haematological and serum biochemical indexes were measured from November 2006 to August 2008 seasonally,all of the fish were from the middle and upper Yangtze River in Chongqing.All the data were inputted into computer and analyzed by a commercial statistical program(SPSS13.0),from which we find the haematological constant of the three species in all seasons and characters of changing with seasons.The biological and haematological characters and relativity between the haematological characters were analyzed. And also,we compared the different haematological indexes of Spinibarbus sinensis infected with "muscle ulceration" with the control ones.Haematological indexes of C.heterodon,C.guickenoti and R.ventralis were listed as follow with their averages.For C.heterodon,in the spring,summer,autumn and winter,the counts of red blood cells were:1.51×10⁶mm^-3,2.04×10⁶mm^-3,2.01×10⁶mm^-3and 2.00×10⁶ mm^-3.The contents of HCT were:27.20%,36.35%,38.70%and 30.54%.Haemoglobin contents were:66.89g/L,85.05g/L, 79.84g/L and 86.52g/L.Mean corpuscular volumes were:205.59fl,179.88fl,197.22fl and 144.49fl. Means of corpuscular hemoglobin were:51.97pg,41.92pg,40.61pg and 44.13pg.MCH concentrations were:248.89g/L,236.13g/L,211.95g/L and 292.13g/L.For C.guickenoti,in the spring,summer,autumn and winter,the counts of red blood cells were: 1.74×10⁶mm^-3,1.61×10⁶mm^-3,1.87×10⁶mm^-3and 2.01×10⁶mm^-3.The contents of HCT were: 30.74%,31.36%,34.97%and 29.40%.Haemoglobin contents were:74.78g/L,71.21g/L,72.8g/Land 82.45g/L.Mean corpuscular volumes were:177.52fl,198.16fl,188.59fl and 150.21fl.Means of corpuscular hemoglobin were:43.48pg,45.02pg,39.62pg and 50.42pg.MCH concentrations were: 246.30g/L,229.55g/L,219.03g/L and 281.97g/L.For R.ventralis in the spring,summer,autumn and winter,the counts of red blood cells were:2.08×10⁶mm^-3,1.77×10⁶mm^-3,2.21×10⁶mm^-3and 2.41×10⁶mm^-3.The contents of HCT were:36.12%,29.81%,40.59%and 33.36%.Haemoglobin contents were:95.32g/L,79.17g/L,97.03g/L and 82.73g/L.Mean corpuscular volumes were: 175.62fl,171.89fl,186.88fl and 140.01fl,Means of corpuscular hemoglobin were:46.97pg,45.56pg, 44.49pg and 34.68pg.MCH concentrations were:264.65g/L,270.84g/L,240.74g/L and 248.42g/L. The Hb value and RBC value of R.ventralis were higher than the other two species,which accorded with its stronger activities in our wild investigation.All the three fish species have Significant seasonal variations in RBC,HCT and Hb and have the similar changing rules:they had the lowest RBC values in spring and summer and the highest in autumn and winter,the highest HCT and Hb values appeared in spring,combined with references we found that seasonal water temperature changes were not the determinant factor that influences the haematological indexes of fish.There were some opinions about the relationship among the haematological parameter,gender, ecological type,motility and diet of fish.The discussion and oppugn were made after comparing the present study with these opinions.The author's opinions were:there was no uniform rule for the relationship between different haematological parameters and sexual maturity stage in fish species. No linear correlation among RBC,HCT and Hb was found.To a certain extent,fish's habitat,habit, motility and diet have positive correlation with haematological indexes.While overcoming the scales,fish in different habitat,habit,motility and diet might have the adaptive similarity in haematological indexes.So it was inaccurate to distinguish the evolution station by the haematological parameters such as RBC,MCV,HCT and so on.For C.heterodon,in the spring,summer,autumn andwinter separately,Glucose concentrations were:10.07mmol/L,8.74mmol/L,15.21mmol/L and 24.16mmol/L.Total protein concentrations were:33.58g/L,24.37g/L,31.54g/L and 23.99g/L.Bumin concentrations were:17.52g/L,17.41g/L, 16.16g/L and 11.63g/L.Lobin concentrations were:15.77g/L,6.93g/L,15.38g/L and 12.36g/L. Triglyceride concentrations were:6.24mmol/L,4.27mmol/L,3.96mmol/L and 1.57mmol/L. Cholesterol concentrations were:10.10mmol/L,8.57mmol/L,7.74mmol/L and 6.81mmol/L. Alamine aminotransferase contents were:408.42u/L,549.73u/L,321.14u/L and 136.82u/L. Aspartate aminotransferase contents were:708.86u/L,554.75u/L,597.61u/L and 463.10u/L. Alkaline phoshpatase contents were:441.43u/L,996.66u/L,238.76u/L and 163.12u/L.For C. guickenoti,in the spring,summer,autumn and winter separately,Glucose concentrations were: 9.65mmol/L,2.69mmol/L,9.26mmol/L and 8.61mmol/L.Total protein concentrations were: 34.87g/L,34.16g/L,34.48g/L and 23.85g/L.Albumin concentrations were:20.56g/L,19.96g/L, 17.51g/L and 11.11g/L.Globin concentrations were:13.52g/L,14.1g/L,16.97g/L and 12.74g/L. Triglyceride concentrations were:2.50mmol/L,1.49mmol/L,1.15mmol/L and 0.82mmol/L. Cholesterol concentrations were:6.86mmol/L,10.30mmol/L,9.46mmol/L and 9.22mmol/L. Alamine aminotransferase contents were:574.13u/L,450.16u/L,260.63u/L and 81.54u/L.Aspartate aminotransferase contents were:701.53u/L,653.08u/L,496.88u/L and 414.16u/L.Alkaline phoshpatase contents were:586.07u/L,347.09u/L,306.54u/L and 106.91u/L.For R.ventralis in the spring,summer,autumn and winter separately,Glucose concentrations were:16.97mmol/L, 5.24mmol/L,5.97mmol/L and 32.57mmol/L.Total protein concentrations were:38.76g/L,33.10g/L, 41.85g/L and 27.45g/L.Albumin concentrations were:23.97g/L,24.76g/L,16.37g/L and 10.78g/L. Globin concentrations were:14.79g/L,8.35g/L,25.47g/Land16.67g/L.Triglyceride concentrations were:2.29mmol/L,2.50mmol/L,3.02mmol/L and 1.71mmol/L.Cholesterol concentrations were: 9.69mmol/L,10.04mmol/L,7.92mmol/L and 4.47mmol/L.Alamine aminotransferase contents were: 139.91u/L,205.59u/L,39.76u/L and 22.65u/L.Aspartate aminotransferase contents were: 2137.66u/L,1802.61u/L,585.28u/L and 411.84u/L.The contents of Alkaline phoshpatase were: 246.78u/L,352.59u/L,227.38u/L and 97.87u/L.In most cases,the serum protein content of R.ventralis was higher than that of C.heterodon and C.guickenoti,and C.heterodon's is higher than that of C.guickenoti.Which accorded with our domestication process:R.ventralis had the strongest survive ability and C.guickenoti was much easily to get sick and fall into death.For C.heterodon,C.guickenoti and R.ventralis,significant seasonal variations appeared in most serum biochemical parameters.They had higher TP,TG and CHOL values in summer and lower TG and CHOL in winter,and the lower GLU in summer and higher GLU values in winter.It indicted that TP and fat were the main energetic substances in spring of the three species in stead of carbohydrate.Combining the former analysis,we didn't think GLU value coule be used solely to describe the fish's life conditions.The seasonal changing of serum protein content in the three fish species was connected with the food conditions.TG value was not the lowest in summer of all studying fish because they were not sex matured at that time,and the energetic substances were not mass used for reproduction.The high body fat was not necessarily with the high blood protein.The blood serum enzyme index fluctuated in a huge range in different season.Compared with other analyzed fish species,it was hard to find parameters that could be used as a species-specific physiological indication;and there was no sex dependent blood parameter in present study.The results showed that no significant differences were found in the haematological and plasm indices between different sexes when they were analyzed with the independent-samples t-test.For C.heterodon,C.guickenoti and R.ventralis,there were not always positive correlation in their body length and RBC or Hb,RBC and Hb,RBC and HCT,there were always positive correlation in HCT and Hb however.In most seasons,MCV and MCH always had significant positive correlation.Which meaned that the bigger MCV,the higher MCH.CHOL and TP of the three fish species had significant positive correlation except the C.heterodon in winter,which meaned that the relationship between CHOL and TP were osculation and steady.Combining other analysis,we regarded that whether different fishes or the same fish species of different seasons,the relativities between biological indexes and haematological indexes were different,and the same relationship happened among the haematological indexes.It told us that the factor of season should be considered when doing such research with one fish species.For S.sinensis,most of the haematological and serum biochemical values were significant different between the control group and the group infected with 'muscle ulceration'.Blood corpuscle parameters(Hb concentration,the number and size of RBC and WBC)of both control and infected groups were measured and compared.For infected group,the number of RBC dropped and the volume of corpuscle got smaller,while the number of WBC increased greatly.Compared with the normal fish,the proportion of lymphocyte decreased and that of monotype increased obviously in the infected group,which indicated that the specific immune response of fish decreased while the phagocytic activity and nonspecific immune response increased under the pathologic status.The serum biochemical parameters were significant different between control and infected group:(a) highly significant reductions(P＜0.01)in TP,GLB,ALB and CHOL,in infected group;(b)highly significant increases(P＜0.01)in the CL and Ca in infected group;(c)unchanged values(P＞0.05)of GLU,TG,UREA and CREA;(d)significant increases(P＜0.05)in ALT and AST,but significant decreases in ALP.Externally,postmortem examination showed discoloration of gills,liver and kidney,hemorrhages of the skin and muscles ulcerations.The result of present study will provide some references to the prevention and the treatment of diseases.