Studies On Ecology Of Tree Sparrow With Reference To The Residue Of Organochlorine Pesticides In Sparrow Tissues In Agricultural Area Of Langfang Hebei Province

With the fast economic development of our country, great changes have taken place in many agricultural districts and the planting and feeding industries. With the transition from traditional agriculture to the modern intensive agriculture, the changes of the villagers' living style and production modes influenced each aspect of environmental structures and functions of the agricultural districts, it has been a revolution of the agriculture. As being a key element of the agricultural ecosystem, birds maintain the food chain structure and functional dynamic equilibrium of the agricultural system, they inhibit the population densities of the pest, and been an indispensable members in the planting. The accompanying people's birds, which adapt the human life style well, have been separated in a long-term agro-farming history according to the ecological evolution selection, and the tree sparrow is just a representative species among them. In near decades, it has already been an irrefutable fact that sparrow's population quantity in the agricultural district fell sharply and even became extinct in some area. The current survives situation of the tree sparrows can reflect the environment qualities of the human living, therefore the tree sparrows can become a good indicator species of the environmental quality in the agricultural district. Thus studying the ecology of the tree sparrow in the agricultural district and their adaptive capacities has the values both of theories and practices.In view of this, these researchs are based on the agricultural district of Langfang of Hebei Province in the north of the North China Plain, and are reference to the nest site selection, reproduction ecology, winter ecology and the residue of organochlorine pesticides in sparrow tissues etc. in the year of 2006-2007. We took the methods of field surveys combined with laboratory experiment. The aim is to reveal the current situations of the tree sparrows and the dominant factors that restrict their survival, and to establish the essential scientific materials for maintaining the sustainable existence of the tree sparrows in this region. The main results of our studies are as follows:The Proportion of tree sparrows nesting position is 86.67 percent in farmhouses, 11.85 percent inside power meter boxes and just 1.48 percent in the poles respectively by investigated 135 tree sparrows nests. There is a main nest which materials are various kinds of artifacts, and a channel by which tree sparrows enter main nest. Based on PCA of 83 nest sites parameters, the main factors order of affecting nest site selection are as follows: water resources and security, resting and concealed condition, food and interference. In a word, tree sparrow in the agricultural district of Lang fang is adaptive to village residential environment, but the suitable nest sites are not enough.Clutch size, behavior in reproductive season, food and water resources condition are studied by the methods of focal animal sampling and all events sampling, which result is obtained that eggs number in each egg group is gradually decreasing from 4.75 ± 1.14 to 3.83 ± 1.21. Feeding nestlings'degree increases rapidly from the fifth day, and the peak is the seventh to ninth day. The phenomenon is same to nestling physiological features in the different growth and development stages. Among the investigating more than 10 kinds breeding behavior, courtship display, securing and guarding, feeding nestlings are like as residential environment characteristic.The research of tree sparrows winter ecology suggests that assembling together is main activity ways, resting is priority on the daytime and feeding peak appearances at noon. Its food and water resources are from artificial places. Because of not having enough natural foods to tree sparrows, feeding places include falling foods sites in ground, dunghill, dump, brushwood, drying grain crops in garden, poultry houses. The feeding and drinking water behaviors of tree sparrows are disturbed by humans, so the firewood becomes the primary microhabitat to resting and avoiding. As for the utilization of daytime habitat, the first choice is firewood, the second is the trees and the probability of resting in wire or roof and so on is little. In concluded, there is significant difference among the utilization of the three habitats and the tree sparrows have been used to the local human interference. Because of the shortage of food and water in winter, the fat stand volume in vivo is generally little and there is no significant difference in weight between winter and autumn.Measuring the residues of organochlorine pesticides in tree sparrow by gas chromatography, we conclude that the measured parameter is mainly determined by the dose of organochlorine pesticides fertilizer using in agricultural area of Langfang. Comparing the organochlorine pesticides between eggs and nestlings, we find the insects which are feeding though parents increase the residues of organochlorine pesticides in nestlings. From the high residues of organochlorine pesticides in eggs and brains from sub-adult, we confer the brain and the eggs are tending to cumulate the organochlorine pesticides. Because of the residues of organochlorine pesticides, there is no significant difference in tissue structures of genital organs and immunity organ in agricultural area of Langfang and Chicheng.In a word, the nest-site selection of tree sparrows depend on village residential environment in agricultural area of Langfang, and structural change of rural resident housing lead to the indigence of the nest-site and the lacking of food and water. There is no significant difference in weight between winter and autumn. The body condition of tree sparrow in winter is bad, which the survival status is restricting by the food and water.