Effects Of Non-Starch Polysaccharides Enzyme Preparations Supplemented To Diets On The Performances In Chicken & Pig And The Mechanisms Involved

The effects of non-starch polysaccharides enzyme preparations supplemented to barley, wheat or brown rice based diets on performances in chicken & pig and the mechanisms involved were studied in the present thesis in order to increase nutritional value of cereal such as wheat, barley, brown rice and so on. Ⅰ. The effect of non-starch polysaccharides enzyme preparations supplemented to barley, wheat or brown rice based diets on performances in chicks, broiler chickens and weaning pigs The thesis included eight feeding trials, in which 872 chickens and 48 weaning pigs were used. The result of experiment 1 showed that enzyme supplementation increased body weight gains and feed conversion rate of chicks. Compared with the control, group fed with 0.15% Zhejiang enzyme-1 and that fed with 0.15% Chifeng enzyme increased body weight gain 8.98%(P< 0.05)and 10.96%(P< 0.01),reduced feed-gain ratio 6.7%(P< 0.05)and 9.3%(P< 0.01), respectively. The result of experiment 2 showed that body weight gain, feed-gain ratio and feed intake of chicks had no significantly difference between groups with enzyme and group without enzyme (P>0.05). Same result obtained between group fed with corn based diet and that fed with brown rice based diet. The result of experment 3 showed that enzyme supplementation increased body weight gains and feed conversion rate of chicks. Compared with the control, group fed with 0.15% Zhejiang enzyme-1 increased body weight gain 7.5%(P〈 0.05〉,reduced feed-gain ratio 5.3%(P > 0.05),group fed with 0.15% Chifeng enzyme increased body weight gain, reduced feed-gain ratio ,but difference was not significant(P>0.05). The result of experment 4 showed that compared with group fed with wheat based diet, group fed with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% Zhejiang enzyme-2 and that fed with Finnfeeds enzyme increased body weight gain 15.7%(P < 0.01),9.3%(P < 0.05),14.5%(P < 0.01), 9.7%(P < 0.05),6.8%(P > 0.05),6.2%(P > 0.05), reduced feed-gain ratio 10.8%(P > 0.05),8.3%(P > 0.05),6.3%(P > 0.05), 13.3%(P < 0.05),1.3%(P > 0.05),4.2%(P > 0.05) respectively. Compared with group fed with corn based diet, the performance of group with wheat based diet decreased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the performance between groups with enzyme and group with corn based diet except that feed-gain ratio of group with 0.2% Finnfeeds enzyme was significantly higher than that of with corn based diet. The result of experiment 5 and 6 showed that wheat based diet supplemented with 0.1% enzyme or 0.05% FOS significantly increased body weight gains and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), but no significant difference of the combined treatment compared with enzyme or FOS treatment individually (P>0.05). The result of experment 7 showed that 7-21d, body weight gains of groups with 0.05%, 0.1%,0.1%,0.5% Zhejiang-3 enzyme and groups with 0.05%, 0.1% Denmark enzyme were 13.4%-22.0% (P < 0.01) and 9.7%-12.3% (P < 0.05) higher than that of group fed with wheat based diet, feed gain ratio were 6.9%-21.4% (P < 0.01) and 8.7%-14.4% (P < 0.05) lower. 21-49d, Body weight gains of groups with Zhejiang enzyme-3 and groups with Denmark enzyme were 3.98%-5.2%( P < 0.05) and 6.22%( P < 0.05)higher than that of group fed with wheat based diet, feed gain ratio were 1.48%-5.17%(P < 0.05)and 1.48%( P > 0.05) lower. 7-49d, Body weight gains of groups with Zhejiang enzyme-3 and groups with Denmark enzyme were 6.7%-9.1%( P < 0.01) and 2.2%-6.5%( P < 0.05)higher than that of group fed with wheat based diet, feed gain ratio were 2.9%-9.9%( P < 0.01) and 1.6%-2.9%( P > 0.05) lower. Enzymes had no effect on carcass composition in broiler chickens (P>0.05). The result of experment 8 showed that group fed with corn based diets increased piglet average daily gain 4%(P > 0.05)compared with group fed with wheat based diets, group fed with wheat based diets supplemented with 0.017% enzyme preparations increased average daily gain 7.6%(P < 0.05)compared with group fed with wheat based diets, but enzyme preparations had no effect on feed-gain ratio. In conclusion, non-starch polysaccharides enzyme preparations supplementation can improve performances in chicks, broiler chickens and piglet fed barley or wheat based diet and the feed value of wheat supplemented enzyme is close to or beyond that of corn. No effects of enzyme added to brown rice based diet on performance in chicks are observed. FOS supplementation can improve performances in chicks fed wheat based diet, but no additive effects of combined enzyme and FOS treatment are observed. Ⅱ. The effect of non-starch polysaccharides enzyme preparations supplemented to wheat based diets on the digestion, metabolism, endocrine, immune function and gut microflora in chickens or piglets and the site of enzyme preparations action in gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickensThe results showed that apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and fat was significantly improved by enzyme supplementation in chicks fed wheat-based diet (P<0.05). The addition of enzyme to wheat-based diet reduced the relative weights of the duodenum, jejunum, colon, pancreas (P<0.05) in 21-day-old broiler chickens, however resulted in less dramatic change in 49-day-old broiler chickens, also the relative weights of digestive organs appeared a decreasing tendency in chicks. Enzyme preparations reduced digesta viscosities in the proventriculus and jejunum of 21-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05), in colon of 49-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05) , also reduced in small intestine of chicks. Enzyme preparations increased digesta pH value in crop, duodenum, jejunum of 21-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05),but reduced digesta pH value in ceca of 49-day-old broiler chickens (P<0.05). Enzyme preparations reduced the amylase activity of pancreas at 21d (P<0.05), increased at 49d (P<0.05). A significant difference of the xylanase activity of different sections of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens (P<0.05). Enzyme preparations increased digesta glucose concentration in ileum at 21d (P<0.05), in duodenum at 49d (P<0.05). According to above results, It is suggested that jejunum or ileum is the main site of action of the enzyme preparation, however more significant results in jejunum, so suggest that the main site of action of the enzyme preparation is jejunum. In conclusion, non-starch polysaccharides enzyme preparations supplementation can improve performances in chicks and broiler chickens fed wheat based diet by influencing digestion and absorption. Moreover, the main site of action of the enzyme preparation is jejunum. Enzyme supplementation to wheat based diets increased the content of blood T4 (P<0.05), IGF-I (P<0.05), insulin (P<0.05), T3 (P>0.05), decreased uric acid (P<0.05), had no effect on glucose in chicks. FOS supplementation to wheat based diets increased the content of blood T3 (P<0.05), insulin (P<0.05), T4 (P>0.05), decreased uric acid (P<0.05), had no effect on glucose in chicks. Enzyme and FOS combination had no significant difference compared with enzyme or FOS treatment in blood parameters, except that uric acid contents were lower than that of FOS treatment (P<0.05). Enzyme increased the content of blood T3 (P<0.05), insulin (P<0.05), reduced T4 (P<0.05), uric acid (P<0.05) in 49-day-old broiler chickens, meanwhile increased IGF-I contents (P<0.05) in 21-day-old broiler chickens, also had no effect on glucose contents. Enzyme supplementation to wheat based diets increased the content of blood urea nitrogen, T4 (P < 0.05), glucose and T3 levels appeared a tendency towards increasing, however insulin levels towards slight decreasing in piglets.In conclusion, enzyme preparation supplementation can improve performances in chickens and piglets fed wheat based diet by influencing metabolic hormone levels. Both enzyme and FOS supplementation to wheat based diets significantly increased relative weight of immune organs (P<0.05), T lymphocytes blastogenic responses to PHA (P<0.05), natural killer cell activity (P<0.05) and serum antibody titres to newcastle disease virus (P<0.05). Enzyme and FOS combination had no significant difference compared with enzyme or FOS treatment in immune parameters. No significant effects of enzyme, FOS and combined treatment on bacterial counts of Lactobacillus and E.coli. in the ceca of chicks and broiler chickens were found. Enzyme supplementation to wheat based diets increased the blood IL-2 contents (P < 0.05) in piglets. In conclusion, enzyme preparation supplementation can improve performances in chickens and piglets fed wheat based diet by influencing immune function.