| Chlorine is necessary nutrients for tobacco, but it has negative effects on tobacco leaf combustion and in turn resulting in the importance of chlorine nutrition is overlooked easily. At present, the chlorine contents of flue-cured tobacco of all cultivating areas in our country were lower than those of the foreign high quality flue-cured tobacco. Firstly, the nutrients of tobacco cultivated soil and flue-cured tobacco leaf in Nanping was systematically analyzed in this study. Secondly, the chlorine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves and its relationship with soil chloride content, the chemical composition, smoke composition, the smoking quality was also studied. Thirdly, the chlorine absorbing dynamics law of tobacco plants and effects of potassium chloride on tobacco pigment contents, photosynthesis, photorespiration, root activity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, lipid peroxidation and related protective enzymes, leaf anatomical structure and tobacco proteomics were also analyzed. At last, cultivating techniques such as optimum potassium chloride amount and corresponding usage were studied in this paper. All this studies could provide the scientific basis for the rational application of chloride fertilizer in Nanping, improve the quality and market competitiveness of tobacco leaf. It had great significance for the sustainable development of flue-cured tobacco production in Nanping. The results in this paper were as follows.Nutrients of tobacco cultivated soil and flue-cured tobacco leaf of Nanping were analyzed in 2008. The results showed that the soil had lower acidity and appropriate organic matter content. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and copper were relatively appropriate. The contents of manganese, iron, zinc were adequate. The contents of potassium, chlorine and boron were relatively scarce.The contents of potassium in tobacco leaf of Nanping were relatively rich. The contents of phosphorus, manganese, zinc and copper were appropriate. The contents of nitrogen, magnesium, sulfur, and iron were relatively appropriate. The contents of calcium, chlorine, boron and molybdenum were relatively scarce. The average water-soluble chlorine content of tobacco cultivated soil was 21.26 mg·kg-1 in 2009. 65.95% of the water-soluble chloride content of soil was at a low or lower level and at a moderate low level overall. The average chlorine content of tobacco leaf was 0.13%. 90.10% of the water-soluble chloride content of soil was at a low or lower level. Because of the adequate rainfall, the relatively low chlorine content of the soil and the low chlorine content of the tobacco leaf, the amount of chlorine fertilizer can be raise properly in Nanping.The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety CB-1 was the highest. The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety K326 and Yunyan 85 were the second highest. The chlorine content of leaf of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 87 were the third highest and that of flue-cured tobacco variety HD were the lowest.Correlation between the chlorine and the total sugar content of tobacco leaf was significant positive. Correlation between the chlorine and the volatile alkali content of tobacco leaf was significant negative. Correlation between the chlorine content and the flammability of tobacco leaf was significant positive. Increasing chlorine content properly had positive effects on improving the color and body of tobacco leaf. Increasing chlorine content too much had negative effects on color intensity of tobacco leaf. When the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was from 0.2% to 0.3%,the smoking quality was the highest. If the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was higher than 0.3%, the smoking quality was lower with the increasing of the chlorine content of the tobacco leaf.Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the plant height, leaf number was significant positive. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the stem circumference of tobacco plant was significant negative. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the dry matter weight was significant positive. The potassium chloride amount had positive effects on the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, magnesium. Especially it had more positive effects on the absorption of potassium, chlorine and the accumulation of nitrogen. The potassium chloride amount had more effects on the chlorine content of lower leaf than those of the cutter and upper leaf. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the chlorine content of tobacco leaf was more significant positive. Correlation between the potassium chloride amount and the total sugar, the reducing sugar content of tobacco leaf was significant negative. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of tobacco leaf appearance, the quality of smoking quality, the best treatments of the potassium chloride amount was 45-90 kg·hm-2. That amount of potassium chloride could meet the chlorine needs of flue-cured tobacco and the leaf quality of it was the best.(1) According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of smoking quality, the treatments of flue-cured tobacco variety K326 and Yunyan 85 which was treated with the potassium chloride were better than the corresponding treatments which was not treated with the potassium chloride. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the quality of smoking quality, the treatments of flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 85 which was treated with the potassium chloride was better than that of K326. (2) According to the performance of growth period in field, agronomy traits, economic traits, contents of chlorine and other chemical composition, cost of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, the treatment which water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 10.88 mg·kg-1 and the potassium chloride amount was 45 kg·hm-2 was the best. And the treatment which water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 10.88 mg·kg-1 and the potassium chloride amount was 90 kg·hm-2 was the second best one. The treatment which potassium chloride amount was 45 kg·hm-2 was the best one when the water-soluble chlorine content of soil was 5.81 mg·kg-1, 10.88 mg·kg-1 and 18.38 mg·kg-1, respectively, according to the performance of growth period in field, agronomy traits, economic traits, contents of chlorine and other chemical composition. And the treatment which potassium chloride amount was 90 kg·hm-2 was the second best one. (3) The chlorine content of lower leaf was increased obviously by using potassium chloride as base fertilizer. Irrigating the soluble potassium chloride can increased the chlorine content of cutter obviously but had no effects on the chlorine content of lower and upper leaves. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, potassium chloride used as base fertilizer was the best way. (4) With the increasing of potassium fertilizer, the potassium and chlorine content of tobacco leaves were all increased first, reached a maximum value and then decreased. Correlation between the potassium content and the potassium fertilizer amount was more significant positive. According to the performance of agronomy traits, economic traits, chemical composition, the treatment which pure nitrogen amount was 127.5 kg·hm-2 and the N: P: K = 1: 0.8: 2.5 was the best. And the treatment which pure nitrogen amount was 127.5 kg·hm-2 and the N: P: K = 1: 0.8: 2.8 was the second best one. (5) Chicken manure organic fertilizer had no effects on the chlorine content of tobacco leaf. According to the performance of economic traits, the quality of tobacco leaf appearance, chemical composition, the treatment which chicken manure organic fertilizer amount was 30 kg·hm-2 was the best.(6) According to the performance of economic traits and chemical composition, the treatment which the specialty fertilizer containing potassium chloride amount was 675 kg·hm-2 was the best. In the treatment, the chlorine content of tobacco leaf could be raised in some degree.Different concentrations of potassium chloride have different effects on physiology and enzyme activities of tobacco leaf. The treatment which concentration of potassium chloride was 2 mmol·L-1, its leaf pigment content, photosynthesis rate, root activity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism of tobacco seedlings, protected enzyme activities were higher; its photorespiration was properly; its cell membrane structure was integrated; its growth and development of tobacco leaf was better; its tobacco leaf was thicker. The treatment which concentration of potassium chloride was 4 mmol·L-1 was the second best one.There were 6 silent or not detected, 6 new salt stress-responsive, 17 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated leaf proteins in the tobacco seedlings (cv. K326) treated with different concentration of potassium chloride. Mass spectrometry analysis helped to identify 7 spots representing 6 different proteins. Two spots were identified as the same protein ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. While 5 of them were previously confirmed as salt stress-responsive proteins, i.e. ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, microtubule binding protein, ferredoxin-NADP reductase and transposase. These proteins were involved in the synthesis of organic osmolytes sorbitol in the Salt adaptation, cytoskeleton maintenance, photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, transposition processing of transposon. |
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