The Evolution Of Thermal Radiation From Compact Stars With Deconfined Quark Matter

Compact stars is composed of dense matter,its interior may exist normal nuclear matter or exotic matter(such as hyperon and strange quark matter).Since it have high density and low temperature,nuclear matter also likely to be superfluidity or superconductivity.About its internal components is still a mystery of astrophysics.The high-energy radiation from compact stars surface provide ns an important opportunity to known its physical properties and evolution. With the help of Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton Slew Survey,we can limit and examine the relevant physical theory about the interior of compact stars.The foundation of thermal evolution theory is the equation of state of dense matter and the structure of compact stars.We first introduced different kinds of equation of state and construct various kinds of compact stars model.We researched the rotation evolution of compact stars at a wide range parameters of equation of state under the perturbation theory.The results tell us that quark matter may appeared when the stars spin-down.The thermal evolution of compact stars is the result of competition of energy loss and heating mechanism.We first introduce kinds of typical heating mechanisms including chemical heating which induced by spin-down,energy release during phase transition and magnetic diffusion. Among them,we focus on the energy released during first order phase transition which constructed by Gibbs condition.During such phase transition process,there are not only latent heat can released but also the binding energy can released which induced by the non-linear property of mixed phase.Our research show that nonlinear property of varying pressure phase transition can lead to dissipation during this period,the system depart from equilibrium and the binding energy released.As an example,we discussed the hadron-quark deconfinement phase transition in the compact stars and estimate the magnitude of released binding energy.It tell us that the released binding energy during non-equilibrium dissipation process is greater than the latent heat.During the star's spin-down,the deconfinement dissipation is the most important heating mechanism.We give out the thermal evolution curves under different kinds of compact star model with various heating mechanisms.And we compared the effect of different heating mechanism in various stage of the thermal evolution.The researches tell us that the deconfinment heating can delay the thermal evolution of strange stars with a crust and do not conflict with the observation data.The PBF process only influence the thermal evolution of CFL phase strange star at early age.Combined the thermal evolution and brightness constrain,we can limit the gap of CFL phase quark matter.Considering the magnetic decay,the evolution of thermal radiation curves were modified and agreed with the thermal radiation data of middle age pulsar.For the older pulsars with high thermal radiation,the deconfinment heating is more effect than chemical heating under the hybrid star model.