Studies On The Systematics Of Collembola And Soil Zooecology

1. Studies on Systematics of CollembolaCollembola (springtail) belongs to Arthropoda, Hexapoda. It is the most aboundace and cosmopolitan groups of the basal Hexapoda. 686 genera and 7895 species belongs to this class have been reported now from all over the world. But only 92 genera, 294 speceis, less than 4% of the whole species have been reported from China, which has an area with 9600 thousand sq.km. At the mean time, Colelmbola is a key groups for the study about the evolution of Arthropoda. The monophyly of Colelmbola is widely accepted. However, the controversies about the system and the phylogeny of it are existent between different taxonomists. Questions such as whether the Collembola aquatic and which relationships between the different groups in Collembola are argued, too.The studies started with the traditional taxonomy of Collembola, emphasized to reveiew several Chinese familiar groups in soil such as Hypogastruridae and Neanuridae based on their external morphological characters, reported new species and new record species to China, and made a checklist of all the reported Chinese species. And, we selected some representative species of Collembola and representative groups of Protura, Diplura, Insecta and Arustacean to sequence and analyze their 18S rRNA completely gene sequences, 28S rRNA D6-D7 domain and nearly completely gene sequences to make the studies about the phylogeny relationships of the main families and orders of Collembola, discuss the questions such as the reliability about the new four orders system to Collembola, the monophyletic and ordinal phylogenetic relationships of them and the situation of the special groups, the phylogenetic relationships about Collembola with other groups and the evolution of Hexapod. Additionally, observed the morphological changes of some representative species such as Folsomia candida during the whole developmental course of them, supplied further evidences to the systematics studies of Collembola based development biology.The results including: 1. Made a familia key to Chinese Collembola; Identified 54 species from China, which including 4 new record and 9 new species; List all the 294 species reported in China now with their geographical distribution. 2. The results of the analysis to complete 18S rDNA and partial 28S rDNA D 6-7 domain sequences of 30 collembolan species supported the monophyly of Poduromorpha and Symphypleona, Entomobryoidea is not a monophyly, familia Neelidae should be separated from Symphypleona. The situation about the superfamilia of Tomoceroidea and the familia Neelidae need further studies. The results of the further analysis to complete 18S rDNA and nearlly completely 28S sequences of 4 Protura, 6Collembola, 5 Diplura, 5 Insecta, 10 Crustacean, using 1 Myriapoda and 1 Chelicerata as outgroups indicated that Protura, Collembola and Diplura are monophy, respectively, Protura and Diplura have the nearest realationship, they make sister groups with Collembola and all of them assemble with Insecta to make a monophy cluster of Hexapod; The results support the monophy of Pancrusracea, Crustacean is not a monophy cluster and the realationships between them with Hexapod need further reseachers. 3. There have a similar course during the embryogenic period of Isotomidae and Entomobryoidae, which is including several phases such as cleavage, blastula, gastrula, tissue differentiation and the stage before hatching. But some significant differents such as the lay egg mode and the develolment of egg membrane appendix present, too.2. Studies on Applied Ecology of Soil FaunaBiodiversity of soil animal community in Shanghai World Exposition Site and the effects about transgenic corps to soil animals were studied. We investigated the indexes such as soil animal species, amount, community structures, vertical distribution and biodiversity to evaluate the soil ecological health of the city plan using lands based on the elementary theoretics of Soil Zooecology and Toxicological Ecology. And, we united the stimulant experiment with the representing species, studied on three representative species of soil animals to evaluate the effects about Genetically Modified crops on them.The results indicated that: 1. The composition of soil animal community in Shanghai World Exposition Site was the typical semi-tropical one, which indicated that the whole soil health of this old industrial and residential area were good. But, exceptional vertical distributions were observed in a few sites, where need further analysis about their pollution and physical and chemical properties. 2. Transgenic Bt maize have different effects to different aoil animals. However, they are less than the toxicity from insecticide.