Part OneIt is well known that certain nucleus of the brain, e, g NTS, VLM, PB, LC, PAG, PVN, SON, Ce and limbic cortex are involved in the modulation of cardiovascular activities. How these structures responde to the blood pressure changes and whether they take part in the baroreflex, however, are still not well understood. The expression of Fos like protain is regarded as one marker of neuronal activation, and it can be succesfully used to investigate the distribution of neurons responded to the specific stimulation in the CNS.On the other hand astrocytes is a very important element in CNS. Recent evidences have shown that astrocytes were not only play roles in but communicate with the neurons and modulate the excitatory activaty of the neurons through changing the concentration of extracellular neural active substance or controlling the microenvironment as well.
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