Research On Resources Chemistry And Quality Standards Of Carthamus Tinctorius L.

This thesis summarized the current research on resource chemistry of safflower and the quality standards based on literature.After referring the meanning of Resource Chemistry of Chinese Medicinal Materials,safflower from different regions were analyzed and evaluates.At the same time,the dynamic changes in the growth process of safflower were analyzed.In addition,the quality standard of safflower was completed.This thesis is divided into four chapters.1.Literature ResearchFrom the perspective of resource chemistry,this chapter introduced various components in safflower,including quinone chalcone,flavonoids,alkaloids,organic acids,etc.Summarized the current harvesting and processing of safflower,resource utilization included too.The common methods of pigments extraction from safflower and the research on the quality standards of safflower were summarized.In addition to its extensive pharmacological activity,safflower is often used for food,cosmetics,and clothing dyeing.At the same time,safflower seed oil is also edible.It is a cash crop that is used as food,medicine,dyes and feed.So,safflower has the high practical value.2.Resource Chemistry research of safflower(1)Resource Chemistry research of flavonoids in safflower and the quality evaluation(1)Based on UPLC-QTRAP(?)/MS2,a method for simultaneous determination of 16 flavonoids in safflower was established.This method is accurate and fast.The samples from different regions were analyzed.The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the composition of samples from Jiangsu and Anhui was similar,and samples from Xinjiang,Gansu,Henan,Sichuan,and Yunnan were similar.According to the geographical location,the samples in the east and west of China are divided into two categories,indicating that the composition of flavonoids in safflower from the eastern and western parts of the country was different.The different geographical ecological environments affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites of plants.The research on the characteristic components in safflower can provide the basis for quality evaluation and distinguishing production regionDuring the sample collection,it was found that the appearance of different batches of safflower were not exactly the same,and different samples have different colours.A Chromatic analyzer was used to numerically analyze the colour of safflower,and it was found that there was a significant correlation between the colour parameters of safflower and the content of its internal components.Based on the zebrafish thrombus model,the antithrombotic effects of safflower with different colours were evaluated.The results showed that the antithrombotic activity of safflower with different colours was different.The colour of safflower could be one of the evaluation indicators of its quality control(2)Resource Chemistry research of nucleosides and amino acids in safflowerAt present,safflower has fewer direct uses in food,so its nucleoside and amino acid components are tested to analyze its potential of becomig a functional food and expand its application.The results show that safflower has a high content of Uracil(0.154～0.498 mg/g),Cytidine(0.093～0.205 mg/g),Guanosine(0.116～0.281 mg/g),Lysine(0.336～1.058 mg/g),Valine(0.334～1.031 mg/g),Phenylalanine(0.305～0.790 mg/g),so safflower has high nutritional value It has the potential to become a functional food.Samples from different regions were analyzed too,unsupervised analysis was first used,such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis,and then supervised analysis was used to classify safflower from different regions by using counter propagation artificial neural network.The content of nucleosides and amino acids in safflower from Gansu and Xinjiang is close,and the samples from Yunnan were different from other samples.(3)Resource Chemistry research of inorganic element in safflowerIn order to improve the safety of safflower,the inorganic elements in safflower were analyzed based on ICP-AES.Safflower has a high content of major elements that are good for the human body,such as K,P and Na,and trace elements Fe,B and Zn.At the same time,the contents of Cu,Hg,and Pb were higher,and As and Cd were only detected in some samples.The differences of various elements between different producing areas were compared.The content of Hg and P in safflower from Yunnan is high compared with other regions,and there is no significant difference in Cu content in each region.The contents of Na and Mg in safflower from Gansu were significantly higher than those in other areas,and the content of K in safflower from Yunnan is significantly lower than that in other areas.The research results provide a basis for reasonable fertilization and quality control of medicinal materials during safflower cultivation.3.Research on the dynamic changes of safflower based on plant metabolomics(1)Research of safflower from different regions based on plant metabonomicsBased on the research ideas of plant metabolomics,a comprehensive analysis of samples from different regions was found.Different geographical and ecological environments have influenced the accumulation of secondary metabolites in safflower.Samples in eastern and western China can be distinguished significantly.The composition of secondary metabolites in safflower from Gansu and Xinjiang is similar,which helps to expand the planting area of safflower.This result could improve the economic benefits of farmers.The analysis of differential metabolites found that the difference between the safflower in the east and the west is mainly reflected by the content of Hydroxy safflower yellow A(HSYA)and Anhydrosafflower yellow B(AS YB).HSYA and ASYB are the main components of yellow pigments,so the content of these two components could affect the quality evaluation of safflower(2)Research of safflower with different colours based on plant metabonomicsThe samples at 5 different stages during the flowering period were analyzed.From the total ion chromatogram,it indicated that during the stage 1(yellow)to stage 5(dark red),the content of HSYA in the safflower first increases and then gradually decreases.The content of Carthamin gradually increased.The analysis of differential metabolites found that HSYA and Carthamin are the most influential variables,suggesting that the colour of safflower may be changed due to the the content of the above two components.Because the content of red pigments and yellow pigments in the flowering period is different,different harvesting times and specifications could be set according to the different application methods.Then the uses and the value of safflower could be increased,farmers would have a higher economy.4.Research on the quality standard of safflower(1)Research on the fingerprint of safflowerA characteristic fingerprint of safflower was established.Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the chemical composition of safflower in different regions was different,and the difference between safflower in the east and the west was more obviously different.The composition of safflower in Xinjiang,Gansu,Yunnan,and Sichuan is similar.At present,the main producing areas of safflower are also concentrated in the above-mentioned provinces.The research results showed that the safflower in Xinjiang,Gansu,Yunnan,and Sichuan have certain similarity in composition.Therefore,the use of the safflower from the above-mentioned production areas can reduce the impact of the medicinal materials from different origins.(2)Research on the quality standard and quality evaluation of safflowerWith reference to other pharmacopeias,conditions of TLC have been optimized,and added the spot of Hydroxysafflor yellow A.The content determination of Anhydrosafflower yellow B was added,the research on the characteristic fingerprint of safflower was added,and the grade quality standard of safflower was developed.The research provided a reference for the further improvement of safflower quality control system.In the safflower collected from the east and west of China,flavonoids,inorganic elements,nucleosides,and amino acids had differences.Different geographical and ecological environments may lead to changes in the chemical composition of the original plant.Based on the analysis of plant metabolomics,the content of yellow pigments in safflowers from different regions may be the main factor.During the blooming period of the safflower,the tubular flower changes from yellow to red.The yellow pigment components showed a tendency to increase first and then gradually decreased,while the red pigment components showed a gradually increasing trend.The established TLC identification method can also reflect the difference in the content of red pigment and yellow pigment.