| The aim of this study to investigate the levels of trace elements in the serum and coat of captive giant pandas in Sichuan.we obtained 97 serum samples from 97 healthy giant pandas,80 coat samples from 40 giant pandas,28 giant pandas were collected both 28 serum and 56 hair samples(both black and white),and 9 serum samples from 9 diseased giant pandas.The contents of Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd in serum and coat were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry.The changes in the trace elements of healthy giant pandas at different ages and genders were analyzed through the two-factor analysis of variance method,the reference values ??(background values)of serum-and coat-related trace elements in healthy giant pandas were established,the changes of trace elements in the serum of some pandas were analyzed.Results:(1)Measured mean values of Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd in serum of 97 captive healthy giant pandas in Sichuan were 4.83mg/L,1.00mg/L,3.22mg/ L,38.37μg/L,4.79μg/L,23.49μg/L,4.76μg/L,3.02μg/L and 1.47μg/L.The reference range was determined with a 95% confidence interval,Fe: 2.79-6.87 mg/L,Cu: 0.55-1.45 mg/L,Zn: 1.75-4.69 mg/L,Mn: 30.39-46.35 μg/L,Cr:2.71-6.87 μg/L,Co: 13.45-33.53 μg/L,Ni: 3.71-5.81 μg/L,Pb: 0-5.78 μg/L,Cd: 0-2.49 μg/L.There were no significant differences in serum trace elements(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb and Cd)between male and female giant pandas(p > 0.05).There were no significant differences in trace elements(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd)in different age groups(young,sub-adult,adult,and old)of giant panda serum(p > 0.05).However,during the growth of giant pandas from childhood to old,the average content of Cu,Cd,and Pb in serum were significantly positively correlated with age(p < 0.05),and the correlation coefficient(r)were 0.212,0.214,and 0.215,respectively.(2)The measured values of Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd in coat of 40 healthy giant pandas(including white hair and black hair)in Sichuan region were 44.46mg/kg,18.28mg/kg,145.72 mg/kg,3.20 mg/kg,0.64 mg/kg,0.30 mg/kg,0.54 mg/kg,0.52mg/kg and 0.27 mg/kg,respectively.The reference range was determined with a 95%confidence interval,Fe: 36.78-52.14 mg/kg,Cu: 12.95-23.61 mg/kg,Zn: 131.67-159.77mg/kg,Mn: 2.28-4.12 mg/kg,Cr: 0.44-0.84 mg/kg,Co: 0.22-0.41 mg/kg,Ni: 0.42-0.66mg/kg,Pb: 0-0.64 mg/kg,Cd: 0-0.39 mg/kg.There were no significant differences in trace elements(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd)between the black hairs of the 40 giant pandas and the adjacent white hairs(p > 0.05).).There were no significant differences in the trace elements(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd)between the female and male giant panda hairs(p > 0.05).There were no significant differences in the trace elements(Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,and Pb)in hairy ages(mature,sub-adult,adult,and old age)of giant pandas(p> 0.05);however,the contents of Cu and Cd in the coat of young pandas were lower than the adult and old giant pandas(p < 0.01).The content of Fe in the young pandas was higher than the sub-adult,adult,and aged pandas(p < 0.01).The contents of Cu and Cd in the panda hair were positively correlated with age(p < 0.05),and the correlation coefficient(r)was 0.985 and 0.976.(3)In correlation analysis of serum and coat from 28 captive healthy giant pandas in Sichuan,there was a significant positive correlation between the contents of Fe and Cu trace elements(p < 0.05),and the correlation coefficients(r)were 0.295 and 0.341,respectively.There was no significant correlation of the contents of Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd between serum and coat(p > 0.05).(4)By comparing the serum trace elements in the diseased giant pandas(n=9)with the reference range of healthy pandas(n=97),the serum Fe,Cu,Zn,and Mn contents of an anemic giant panda were all lower than the reference values;the contents of Fe,Zn and Cr in the serum of cataractous 2 giant pandas were all lower than the reference values,and the contents of Cu and Co were higher than the reference values.The contents of Zn,Mn,Fe,and Cu in the serum of a pandas with perianal squamous cell carcinoma were lower than the reference values.Co content was higher than the reference value;Zn and Fe levels in the serum of 2 giant pandas with intestinal obstruction were lower than the reference value;serums of 2 giant pandas with light weight and weak gastrointestinal function contained Cr,Zn,and Fe The content was lower than the reference value;Fe,Mn,Zn,and Cu contents inthe serum of one epilepsy giant panda were lower than the reference value,and the Pb content was higher than the reference value.Conclusions:(1)Reference values ranges of trace elements Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd in serum of giant pandas in captivity was established in 97 Chinese(314 national)captive serums of giant pandas.Trace element content is relatively constant,not affected by age and gender,but Cu,Cd,and Pb increased with age.(2)A reference range for the content of Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn,Cr,Co,Ni,Pb,and Cd in coats of healthy giant pandas in captivity was established in Sichuan;the contents of these 9 trace elements in the hairs of giant pandas were relatively constant,no affected by gender.The content of Fe in juvenile giant pandas was significantly higher than the other age groups.The contents of Cu and Cd in juvenile giant pandas were significantly lower than the adult and old pandas.The black hairs in the scapular part of the giant panda have the same contents of trace elements in the white hairs of adjacent necks,and those could be used as hair samples for detecting trace elements.(3)The correlation between trace elements in serum and coat of Sichuan giant pandas with healthy captivity was only positively correlated with Fe and Cu,the content of Fe and Cu in giant panda serum could be reflected by Fe and Cu contents in the coat.(4)Compared with the reference range of healthy giant pandas,the serum of 9 diseased giant pandas lacks Fe and Zn.Among them,one anemia panda,one epilepsy giant panda,and one perianal squamous cell carcinoma panda serum.In the absence of Cu and Mn,two cataractous giant pandas and two giant pandas with lighter weight and weaker gastrointestinal function all lacked Cr;two Cucam and Co were present in the serum of two cataractous giant pandas;one perianal squamous cell carcinoma Excess Co in serum of giant pandas;excess Pb in the serum of one epilepsy giant panda. |
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