Jakarta Different Races In Indonesia (java), Sudan And China Hvlt And Mmse Performance Research Of The Old

Objective. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the combination of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) using specific cut-off points could be used as a cross culturally applicable screening test for mild dementia in older people of different ethnicity and whether their performance was affected by demographic variables such as age, gender and education.Method. Using a cross-sectional design, a convenience sample of217elderly with mixed ethnicity (141Javanese,51Sudanese and25Chinese) from urban areas in Jakarta, Indonesia was included using Health Centres, Care homes and door to door sampling techniques.The relationship between demographic factors (age, gender, educational level and ethnicity) and HVLT and MMSE performance was assessed using ANOVA. Logistic regression was done on the specific HVLT and MMSE dementia cut offs as dependent variables entering age, gender, education, ethnicity and the dementia diagnoses.Results. HVLT recall performance did not show significant ethnic differences (p=0.65and0.43for DR and IR, respectively), where the total MMSE performance differed across these three ethnic groups, also after analyses were adjusted for differences in age (p<0.001) and educational level (p<0.001) between groups. Though gender difference did not affect MMSE performance (p=0.21), a strong interaction between educational level and gender was revealed (p=0.04) where among those with no formal education, females performed significantly better than males. However, ethnicity and gender did not predict scoring below the cut-offs for dementia where only age and education predicted a higher risk.Conclusion. Age, ethnicity, gender and educational level were significant predictors for elderly’s MMSE performance. The combination of HVLT and MMSE can be recommended as an ethnically applicable screening test for mild dementia and as an adjunct in the clinical assessment of older people. However, the screening tests should be further modified for an older age and lower education to adapt local circumstances for the Chinese in China.