A Study On The Theory Of Social Division

In Europe and the United States, the industrial revolution had been underway for a century until the second half of the19th century. Since the capitalism was going into the rising period, the rapid development of economic and social, and the scale of the social organization expands unceasingly, social coordination became more difficult. In that period, modern scientific management was created, the exploration of scientific management practices and theory was started. Firstly, Thomas Woodrow Wilson(1856--1924), who was called "The father of public administration ", published an article with named The Study of Administration on Political Science. This incident meant the birth of administrative science."The role of government is going to become more complex and more difficult. The amount of role the number is also significantly increased. And the The administrative is trying to participate in everywhere to perform some new tasks."①He pointed out in this paper. Therefore, the administrative management of the government needed to have a scientific theoretical guidance urgently."To prevent the government detours, to reduce the appearance of some government affairs without decency, the pure government organizations need to be enhanced. And every responsibilities should be given a beauty evaluation with conscientiousness."②In1880, Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), who was called "the father of scientific management", started his study of management science. In1991, he published the principle of scientific management. This book advanced the factory internal management and production to be more scientific, standard, and efficient.Emile Durkheim(1858-1917), a sociologist, in fact with the width and height in philosophy, who had the different objective with Thomas Woodrow Wilson and Frederick Winslow Taylor’s, which focused in the scientific management of social life more, in the era of the common context, made the comprehensive thinking about the big problem in practice of social life, the division of labor.Emile Durkheim constructed his theory of the division of labor system from the "anomie", the crisis of moral order, chaos, and some other phenomenons. He considered that the division of labor was not the source of the "anomie" phenomenon. However, the establishing of a reasonable order of division of labor is the prerequisite of social structure’ conformity. Therefore, Emile Durkheim studied on the model of the social solidarity depends on the research of social structure. He analyzed the the model of social solidarity’ transition by analyzed the transition process of the law, which is a kind of external symbol of the social solidarity. He thought, in the early society, the social behaviour was regulated through the repressive sanction, With the corresponding legal mode was pressing. In the pressing legal period, the foundation of the social solidarity formating was the members of society’s general consciousness, with unity mode that called "mechanical solidarity". In "mechanical solidarity", social morality stipulated people rising their individual will to collective will. The members of society would be solidary base on their intercommunity with the effect of "collective consciousness". So, according to the effect of "collective consciousness", individual consciousness could not be developed. The independent personality must be kept in the collective consciousness. Emile Durkheim believed that the essence of difference between individual and others was the independent personality. In the society with "mechanical solidarity", finally, since the individual consciousness could not be developed, the contradiction between individual consciousness and collective consciousness would be intensified.Division of labor is the objective law of social development. According to the discovery in Biology, the relationship between the function of the organism and the level of organism, the division of labor exist since the human exist. Division of labor problems had been given attention by thinkers for a long time. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Adam Smith, they all took notice of the importance of division of labor. With the development of commodity economy, division of labor was expanded from economic sphere to others, such like social life, religion, science, and agriculture. To Emile Durkheim’s age, the division of labor had been identified as an inexorable law of the social development. Emile Durkheim considered, the development of division of labor continually advanced the individual consciousness. Individual consciousness wanted to be liberated from the "collective consciousness". This made the "collective consciousness" declined. And the "mechanical solidarity", which was builded on the "collective consciousness", also declined. The transform from pressing legal to recovery legal could prove the change of the social solidarity method in this period. Different with the purpose of pressing legal, which was punishment, the objective of recovery legal was going to make a wrong one right, with unity social solidarity mode that called "organic solidarity"."Organic solidarity" was established base on the difference of social members, with a premise of the development independent personality. The solidarity of social members caused their different individual abilities.Emile Durkheim thought, the "organic solidarity" would not must come with the decline of the "mechanical solidarity". To inspect which one was more dominance for social order, the critical point was rationality and sustained development. Through a comparative, the solidarity that come with the division of labor could promote people all-around development freely. Because the origin of the development of division of labor, was real the demand of eudemonia and the evolution of the social capacity and density.Consequently, Emile Durkheim putted forward that the order of the division of labor would be a resolution for "anomie". He also stressed that the source of "anomie" was not the division of labor. It’s the abnormal division of labor in the social transformation period. There was only a scientific sequence of the division of labor could rule the society members" the economic life and social morality. And only this one could integrate the social structure. About how to set up a reasonable order of the division of labor, Emile Durkheim composed that rebuilding the "corporate body" to really provision people’s economic life and social behavior.All in all, Emile Durkheim investigated the social morality with the viewpoint of "legal" and empirical science method, and finally setted up a new moral science, to solve the realistic problems in the society. And nowadays, this also provide valuable ideological materials for our "harmonious society" building in China.