Studies On The Civil Diplomacy During The Period Of Washington Conference (1921.6～1922.2)

The Civil Diplomacy means the people through public opinion and activity on diplomacy to supervise, support and affect the government's foreign policy and diplomacy negotiations, in order to achieve their own aspirations and demands of diplomatic activities. Civil Diplomacy rose in the late 19th century and early 20th century, during the May 4th Movement reached an unprecedented height, entered its prime time. This thesis is studies the developing Civil Diplomacy during the Washington Conference period that from June 1921 to February 1922.In addition to this introduction, this thesis contains four parts. The introduction mainly illustrates the research origins, topic definition and meaning, the study condition and so on. The first chapter elaborates on the historical and social background of the rise of Civil Diplomacy in the 20th century from four aspects that are the rise of nationalism, the weakness of the government's diplomatic, social class emerging with the rise and foreign conceptual changes. The second chapter focuses on the diplomacy public opinion during the Washington Conference period, which is occurred by the preparatory works, diplomatic negotiations, evaluation of the results, etc. The third chapter focuses on the people's diplomatic activity around the problems of Washington Conference, including founding groups, holding assemblies, propagandizing, giving lectures, demonstrating, and so on. The fourth chapter discusses the Civil Diplomacy's characteristics, achievements and limitations during the Washington Conference period.In diplomacy during Beiyang period, Washington Conference and Civil Diplomacy also are very important elements. However, Civil Diplomacy during the Conference period hasn't been enough valued and studied. This thesis basically uses the newspapers and magazines of the time, trying to show its true process, hoping the research is able to make up for deficiencies in the study before, and deepen people's recognitions on Civil Diplomacy and the Beiyang Government's diplomacy.