| The 11 th to 14 th century is the era of the birth of university medicine,and also the period of medical professional education was basically formed.In this period,the prevailing feudal system gave birth to a new agricultural production mode,and the active commodity trade promoted the development of urban economy.The wave of church reform and the development of secular regime have formed a special political soil.The Renaissance of European medical knowledge in the 11 th and 12 th century promoted the emergence of a large number of people seeking knowledge,promoted the rise of medical research.At first,the development of professionalization is manifested in the growth of medical knowledge.The translation,collation and commentary of ancient documents have become the main ways of knowledge specialization,and liberal arts and science knowledge has become the instrumental knowledge of knowledge production.With the systematization and disciplinization of medical knowledge,medical teaching contents,methods and organizational forms have changed.Gradually there appeared fixed medical courses,unified teaching methods,mature organizational structure and complete teaching system.In the 12 th and 13 th century,the earliest medical universities in the Middle Ages were born.This kind of institutionalized higher medical eucation has constructed a stable and orderly medical knowledge dissemination system and formed a special text-based medical teaching mode.In this new medical education system,Greek and Arabic medicine and Aristotle’s natural philosophy became the main contents of medieval university medicine.The teaching of medical college is mainly the interpretation of authoritative literature.Lectures,discussions and explanations are all based on classical literature.The professional degree provided by the university is a symbol of medical students’ receiving university education and obtaining advanced knowledge.Because a medical degree requires a student to spend a long period of hard work to obtain.As a result,the doctors who have received university training have weeded out many competitors,separating themselves from the general doctors and becoming the elites of the medical profession.In order to maintain their status,university doctors began to raise the professional threshold and restrict the practice activities of other medical groups.As their income,power and prestige continue to increase,it has caused competition among other professional groups,leading to divisions within the doctor group,resulting in a new hierarchy of doctors.Among them,University doctors occupy a leading position in the industry.They form various professional associations with surgeons,hairdressers and pharmacists to control entry standards,define the scope of practice and promote professional ethics.In the 14 th century,with the widespread issuance of medical licenses and the finer division among doctors in Europe,the basic characteristics of university medicine as a kind of professional education began to appear.Through the historical investigation of the professional development of medical education in medieval universities,it can be find that the formation of professional education is a historical process.It has experienced a series of changes,such as the growth of knowledge,the birth of organization,the formation of system and the development of medical practice.University is an important part of it.These processes also show the generation of three core elements for professional education,namely,the professional knowledge,professional college and professional practice.The three constitute a interdependent professional education system.The positive interaction between them has promoted the formation and development of medical professional education in medieval universities.The formation of medical professional education in the Middle Ages established the higher and elitism of medical education,opened the way of specialization of medical education,and laid the foundation for the highly development of modern medicine. |
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