The Institutional Origins And Construction Of Danwei-Community

Since the early year of the People's Republic of China,to 80's.the Danwei-Community has been a rather fundamental element of China's urban "social-space" society,and the whole city,revolving around social community unit,formed a complete set of administrative power of the core of a rigid social governance structure.To answer the question that how this highly organized community was established in changing temporary society,given the results of a comprehensive research,it can be roughly divided into five different theoretical explanation,the Soviet model,the impact origin base system,the origin of the Republican reform,worker protests heritage,and superimposing system.However,result from a small number of related research,and due to differences in perspectives and ideas make little past research systematic.Unit-Community can be both the result of a complex series of complementary institutional construction unit,and the outcome of the constant practice of social space.Therefore,this study,from the perspective of origin of Institutional and Community research of Unit Space,set the spatial and temporal boundaries from 1946 to 1960,in Harbin City;based on the most primitive institution of a observing Unit-Community system,used to record information,then focused on its birth of regime,practice of build process and its logic.This study first examined the establishment and development of state-owned enterprises in Harbin,as a related polices and regulation practice field,after 1946s.During reconstruction of social practice of the city,the Communist Party of China rendered the state-owned enterprises become the national carrier of urban industrialization strategy.Due to this construction policy.Harbin completed the transformation from "consumer city" to "Production City" Transformation,and the working class in state-owned enterprises has become urban core population.Around important boost production to protect workers' life,governance of State-owned enterprises have become the most important urban governance practices and the core unit of the type of community.During institutionalized,within the Danwei-Community power arrangement and interaction patterns,using the Soviet Union in the joint railway company of various plants as the media,Harbin governance practices in state-owned enterprises had studied of the Soviet experience systematically,including director accountability,economic accounting system eight grade wage system,labor competition system.These experiences have all become an important part of state-owned enterprises governance structure.However,with the "director responsibility system under the leadership of the committee" to replace the "director responsibility system",the Communist Party of China has been extended to the workshop team's solid sound grassroots party organizations,in state-owned enterprises,which became the state-owned enterprises turning point from" production function body "to" life community".Since the government system of "isomorphic responsibility" phenomenon,the establishment of the "party and government as a whole" model did promote,as it should,bearing social services and national security functions to sink more and more state-owned enterprises,which contributes to a mechanical promotion of "corporate run society" model.State-owned enterprises in the employee benefits system is the most typical and core of the system of Danwei-community.This study aim to sort out its institutional context evolution stages,split from 1953.Before liberation,Harbin was a colonial city,in which there is widespread social structure of both modern large-scale machine industry and traditional agricultural economy;former family-owned business enterprise of modern capitalism and capitalist organization of parallel;machine production and traditional manual production simultaneously consisted of " two element segment"phenomenon.This "segment" phenomenon contribute to a negative recycling of the required personnel,workers,material and so can not achieve universal benign liquidity in the community,to establish the universality of livelihood guarantee system for both the lack of institutional impetus and the short of social base.Given to the not benign recycling,Harbin result in the existence of enterprise security system for workers,in huge enterprises before liberation.After Harbin liberation,campaign-style workers'profit sharing "was quickly abandoned,and by learning the Soviet labor insurance system,Harbin began to develop the first labor insurance bill to protect workers'livelihood attempt.Harbin "Wartime Provisional Labor Law(Draft)"/"Special City of Harbin Provisional Wartime Labor Regulations" have become the starting point for the subsequent development of the system of "Provisional Northeast Wartime Labor Insurance Regulations," "People's Republic of China Labor Insurance Regulations".Within the first attempt of legislate Labor Insurance Laws and regulations enacted for the subsequent formation of the Northeast and the Country's labor insurance system provides important experience and reference.Since the implementation of this regulation's labor insurance lied on the grassroots level,the most important basic production units-state-owned enterprises began to organize workers living and related business in accordance with the amount of their own feature,so that the labor insurance system in the implementation of the regulation converted to "employee benefits unit",and the welfare of workers increasingly dependent on their employing-work units.The policy formation concluding collective contracts and employee welfare system investment is to further promote the development of the system unit welfare.Social labor insurance business begun to shift "unitizing" of employee benefits.From 1953,First Five-year Plan was the start of a rapid promotion of the regulation that formed Danwei-Community.Considering the large-scale industrial construction as an opportunity,Danwei-Community practiced and shaped systematization in full swing.The Unit-Community which relied on large-scale state-owned enterprises construction,shows a higher standard and normalization through its spatial expansion;and in the organization of construction,infrastructure construction,staffing and other are more complete.Moreover,these state-owned enterprises have also become a "Social Reconstruction Template." In the socialist transformation of urban handicrafts and capitalist industry commerce,those minor enterprises ran with public-private partnerships and a variety of cooperatives continued to reform and emerge,in order to establish similar "production and living one"establishments.Even without a landmark event,till 1960,superposition of a various practices,systems,policies have formed a stable and mature institutional structure in Unit-Community system.Danwei-Community distended to the basic units of the city,becoming standard "space-society1" unit under China's socialism system of urban.