Research On Key Technologies Of Medical Rescue Simulation Exercises In Bioterrorism Events

Biosecurity is an important part of the national security.Biological events or incidents pose a serious threat to people's health,economic development,social stability and national defense security.In the 21 st century,the international community realized that bioterrorism has become a real threat to the world especially after the “anthrax letter” incident of the United States in 2001,and the major of world powers began to comprehensively build and strengthen their national biodefense capacity.Due to the SARS epidemic in 2003,China also began to strengthen the national biodefense capacity.After decades of development,China has gone through several times of flu epidemics,and participated in the disposal of the Ebola epidemic situation in West Africa.At present,China's biodefense capability building has achieved remarkable results.However,not only the specific level of China's biodefense capability is unclear,but also whether it can meet the requirement of the biological incidents still remains uncertain.Emergency exercise is not only an important method of testing and analyzing the building of emergency capacity,but also an important part of emergency capacity.Emergencies are often complex and changeable,and the building of emergency preparedness capacity,which is oriented to "future" events,is often based on different types of emergencies,practical experience,the lessons learned,and a large amount of scientific research,according to the threat and feasibility they may face.Emergency exercise is an important method to test and enhance biodefense capability.Simulating the emergency response process of biological incidents can reveal the problems and deficiencies of command coordination,resource preparedness and emergency decisionmaking.Emergency exercise can be beneficial for the provision of enlightenment to improve and develop the national biodefense capability system,which is getting increasingly emphasized by the major countries all over the world.Compared with traditional sand table deduction,actual combat drills and on-site drills,drills based on computer simulation have many advantages such as more economical,good security and verisimilitude.Especially with the rapid development of modern information technology,emergency simulation deduction with the support of computer simulation technology gradually becomes a cutting-edge application paradigm.The basic principle of simulation deduction is to model the elements of emergencies,environment,hazards and intervention processes,and to realize humancomputer interaction and simulation exercises of emergency response by evaluating the impact of emergency plans on the development of hazards.One difficulty of simulation deduction is the construction of a virtual deduction environment that closely approaches reality.The key technologies of simulation deduction involve many technical difficulties including domain knowledge construction,disposal process modeling,hazard development simulation and result evaluation analysis.In the field of biosafety,there is currently a lack of a unified framework for deductions at home and abroad,and the specialized knowledge and simulation models related to the emergency response to biological events are incomplete and cannot support the implementation of simulation deduction.Based on the analysis of representative emergency exercise cases for biological event in foreign countries,combined with the characteristics of China's emergency response mechanism,an anthrax aerosol bioterrorism event was considered as the scenario in this study.And we have studied the key scientific and technical issues of deductive platform development,such as event handling simulation deduction framework representation,knowledge model design,task process modeling,analysis and evaluation of simulation results.This study has laid a foundation for the further development of a deduction platform with practical application value.1.Designed the overall program of biological event disposal exercise and proposed the research requirements of key technologies of simulation and inference system.By a comprehensive analysis of the application cases of biodefense drills at home and abroad,the practice mode of "immersive interactive research desktop drill" was proposed,the purpose of the drill,the organization method and the process design were clarified.The anthrax aerosol bioterrorism event was used as an example to define the exercise business content.Our study furtherly defined the key models involved in the drill and the interaction principles between the models from the perspective of methods and technologies,defined the platform structure and functional requirements,and formed a complete simulation and deduction framework from the deduction organization and technology realization levels.2.Established the knowledge ontology model construction method in the domain of biological defense,and preliminarily developed the knowledge ontology model of anthrax bioterrorism event.The realization of structured and formal description of domain knowledge are the semantic foundation of data integration,model algorithm integration,and application integration.By using ontology knowledge engineering technology,our study defined the domain knowledges concept of the biological defense including event domain,environment domain,program domain,resource domain,organization domain,and task domain,and then clarified the interrelationship between concepts.A knowledge model of anthrax bioterrorism incidents was initially developed by using the Protégé knowledge model development tool,which laid the foundation for the data integration and application integration of the platform as well as the development of expert system.3.Designed a BPMN-based task process of anthrax bioterrorism incidents emergency response,and developed a process management prototype system.The core of the simulation deduction lies in the structured description of domain task flow and the task-related resource consumption model.The establishment of the structural relationship between hazards,tasks and resources is the basis for quantitative evaluation of resource consumption,tracking of task progress,and constructing a deductive view.Firstly,for anthrax bioterrorism incidents,a hierarchical and structured model of task for bio-monitoring,hazard identification,on-site assessment,site management,case management,and environmental decontamination were established among the 3 level “Action-Task-Activity” in this study.Then we also established the quantitative configuration relationship between resources and task,and described the task process model using the BPMN language.Last,we developed a process management prototype system based on the XML language and the Activiti process engine.4.A disposal process simulation model integrating biological events,hazard evolution,emergency response tasks,and resource consumption was established,and initially achieved a quantitative evaluation of simulation deduction.Based on the simulation deduction framework,knowledge model and deduction task process,some key models such as mesoscale biological aerosol atmospheric diffusion model,biological particle deposition decline model,resource allocation model,disease progression model under medical intervention have been established by using computer simulation techniques.And a visual simulation deduction system prototype was also developed.For monitoring and early warning capabilities,the effects of different early-warning delay times on the reduction and control effects of bioterrorism events at different scales were simulated,and the quantitative assessment of the impact of delays in warnings on the results of hazards was achieved.For monitoring the effects of medical treatment under resource constraints,the effects of various intervention strategies formed by combining different resource allocation and treatment delay times were simulated,and the impact of emergency resource constraints on the development of hazardous situations was initially achieved.This study focuses on such scientific and technological issues as how to carry out desktop exercises for bioterrorism events based on computer assistance,how to provide a common semantic environment for the participants,how to make emergency plans automatically recognized by the computer,and how to describe the interaction mechanism between the hazard development and the intervention measures of bioterrorism events.An overall framework of a biological event disposal drill program is also proposed in this study.It solves the technical difficulties in domain knowledge modeling,task flow modeling and emergency response capability evaluation.It also lays a foundation for not only the further development of a practical application platform system,but also the research desktop exercise of biological event disposal.