| In recent years,the ecological environment has deteriorated and it has become a problem that cannot be ignored.In response to environmental changes,countries around the world have taken active measures.In order to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,China has initiated 16 major ecological restoration projects such as returning farmland to forests and natural forest resources protection projects,of which the project of returning farmland to forests is highly policy-oriented.With a large investment volume,wide coverage and high participation,it has become the world's largest ecological restoration project to date.The development of the project of returning farmland to forests must rely on the active participation of the majority of farmers to achieve the desired goals.How to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers is a test of the country's institutional design and policy implementation,and ecological compensation is an important method that is widely adopted and effective in countries all over the world.However,the academic community has not yet formed a unified and systematic analysis method for the compensation standard for returning farmland to forests.Due to different perspectives,different objectives and diverse methods,the differences are obvious,resulting in the compensation standard is too high or too low.Therefore,the forest land compensation standard based on the perspective of supply and demand for sloping lands conversion program has become a key scientific issue in the study of compensation policy for sloping lands conversion program,which has great theoretical significance and practical value for promoting the deepening of the project of returning farmland to forest.This study based on the study of compensation standards for ecological restoration projects at home and abroad also based on the theory of supply and demand equilibrium,selects the typical areas of returning farmland to forestry projects—Shaanxi Province and Wuqi County,and participates in the decision-making mechanism of returning farmland to forests from individual farmers.Departure,study its driving factors and dynamic evolution.Through the theoretical analysis,the forestland supply possibility curve of the farmer households participating in the project of returning farmland to forests was obtained,and the influencing factors of the farmer households' supply of forest land to returning farmland to forests were analyzed empirically.The forestland supply curve of sloping lands conversion program was drawn based on the result-oriented method.Constructing the ecological footprint-service value analysis framework of ecological footprint-service value method based on value(funds),studying the spatial distribution characteristics,evolution path and driving factors of ecological carrying capacity in Shaanxi Province,and then launching the forest land of sloping lands conversion program The demand,and the analysis of the forestland demand curve of the project of returning farmland to forest.Combine the forest land supply curve of the farmer's group's sloping lands conversion program with the forest demand curve of the government's sloping lands conversion program,and determine the forest land compensation standard for the sloping lands conversion program based on the perspective of supply and demand equilibrium,afterwards,the compensation standard for the project of returning farmland to forests under the reasonable growth of ecological restoration was further discussed.Based on the above logical relationship,the research results of this paper are summarized as follows:(1)The individual farmers' participation in the project of returning farmland to forests is affected by many factors,and the driving factors are not static.Based on the comparative advantage theory,the framework and model of the driving mechanism of farmers' participation in the project of returning farmland to forests were constructed.Based on the survey data of the fourth phase of Wuqi County,the dynamic evolution process of the farmers' participation in the project of returning farmland to forests was analyzed empirically.The results show that the individual farmers participating in the project of returning farmland to forests are affected by many factors.The main driving factors are the income difference between forest land and cultivated land,conversion cost and labor volume difference.The driving factors for individual farmers to participate in the project of returning farmland to forests are not static,but factors that have a continuous effect,such as conversion costs;and factors that change dynamically over time,such as the difference in subsidies in the previous period and the difference in income in the later period.(2)The forest land supply curve of the farmer households participating in the project of returning farmland to forests was drawn,and the influencing factors were analyzed.After theoretical analysis,the forestland supply possibility curve of the farmer households participating in the project of returning farmland to forests was obtained,and the evolution process of the proportion of forest land in the farmland and the proportion of cultivated land in forest land was verified.Then the Shaanxi Province and Ten were drawn based on the resultsoriented method.Forest land supply curve for sloping lands conversion program in each city.In order to analyze the driving factors of farmers' participation in the project of returning farmland to forests,the empirical analysis of the panel data of Shaanxi Province participating in the project of returning farmland to forests was carried out.The results show that the compensation standard,the added value and time of the primary industry are the main reasons for the changes in the supply of forest land affecting the project of returning farmland to forest.(3)The temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of ecological carrying capacity in Shaanxi Province were analyzed,and the forestland demand curve of sloping lands conversion program was drawn.By constructing the ecological capacity-assessment analysis framework of the ecological footprint-service value method based on value(funds),the fourth panel data of 97 districts and counties in Shaanxi Province were selected to explore the ecological environment of Shaanxi Province from the global and local spatial levels.The distribution characteristics of the bearing capacity index in space and its evolution path.The results show that there is significant spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity in the ecological carrying capacity index of Shaanxi Province.It shows the spatial evolution process of the ecological carrying capacity index in 16 years.At present,a relatively stable spatial pattern has been formed,namely,northern Shaanxi.The Guanzhong area is lower,and the southern Shaanxi area is higher;there is a high or low value agglomeration phenomenon,and the low value clustering is more obvious,and it is concentrated in the Guanzhong area in space.In order to deeply study the driving factors of the spatial and temporal evolution of the ecological carrying capacity index in Shaanxi Province,a spatial Dubin model based on panel data was constructed.The results show that the forest area and the value of the equivalent factor are the main factors to promote the increase of the ecological carrying capacity index,and the per capita consumption value is suppressed.The main factors for the improvement of the ecological carrying capacity index,and the driving factors affecting the ecological carrying capacity index of northern Shaanxi,Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi,are different.Through the ecological footprint-service value calculation model of ecological carrying capacity,the demand for forest land in the project of returning farmland to forest was reversed,and the demand curve of forest land for sloping lands conversion program was analyzed.(4)The forest land compensation standard for the sloping lands conversion program with balanced supply and demand was determined.Through the ecological footprint-service value analysis method of ecological carrying capacity analysis,the demand for forest land in the project of returning farmland to forests was reversed.It was found that some cities need to improve the compensation standard for returning farmland to forests,and some cities do not need to compensate for the project of returning farmland to forests.In 2000,the ecological carrying capacity level reversed the demand for forest land in the project of returning farmland to forests in 2015.Six cities in Shaanxi Province,Xi'an?Tongchuan?Xianyang?Weinan?Yulin and Shangluo could not reach the ecological carrying capacity level of 2000.The level of ecological carrying capacity needs to promote the project of returning farmland to forests.The compensation rates for forest land returning to forestry are: 2419.12 yuan/ha,2876.68 yuan/ha,2605.59 yuan/ha,2252.38 yuan/ha,2161.85 yuan/ha,2,753.32 yuan / hectare and 40,44.50 yuan / hectare.At the same time,Baoji ? Yan'an ? Hanzhong and Ankang do not need to carry out the project of returning farmland to forests,and their ecological carrying capacity can reach the level of 2000,so they can not compensate for the project of returning farmland to forests.(5)The compensation standard for forest land in the project of returning farmland to forest under the reasonable growth of ecological restoration was discussed.Combined with the existing research results,the minimum value of the three indicators of per capita GDP growth rate,average annual growth rate of per capita fiscal revenue and average annual growth rate of per capita consumption expenditure was selected as the reasonable growth rate of ecological restoration.Through calculation,Ankang does not need to carry out the project of returning farmland to forests,and its ecological carrying capacity can also reach the forest land demand for sloping lands conversion program under the reasonable growth of ecological restoration,and it can not compensate the sloping lands conversion program,while Shaanxi Province and Nine cities and cities such as Xi'an ?Tongchuan ?Baoji ?Xianyang ?Weinan ?Yan'an ?Hanzhong ? Yulin and Shangluo need to promote the project of returning farmland to forests.The compensation standards for forest land conversion to forestry are: 2887.53 yuan / hectare,4164.06 yuan / hectare,2706.66 yuan / hectare,3950.04 yuan / hectare,2590.05 yuan / hectare,3190.52 yuan / hectare,2205.84 yuan / hectare,4,650.11 yuan / hectare,4,132.69 yuan / hectare and 4,424.75 yuan / hectare. |
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