| Aging is a complex physiological process which is commonly accompanied by the irreversible degenerative dysfunctions of body.Nowadays,the aging of population has become a global social problem.In order to extend the maximum lifespan,various scientific efforts have been made in delaying the aging process clinically via clearing the aging metabolites and enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities by synthetic antioxidant agents.However,the synthetic ones usually show toxicities and side-effects during the long-time use.Therefore,it is important significance for seeking and exploring promising anti-aging agents derived from natural antioxidants on treating the aging and its complications.The diabetes mellitus(DM)is a globally multi-factorial endocrine metabolic disease accompanied by acute and chronic complications,resulting in the high raise of disabling and fatality.Clinically,the therapies for DM mainly include the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemia agents,however,these approaches can also induce negative effects in the long-term use.Therefore,it is vital to seek the natural and non-toxic anti-diabetic medicines for diabetic therapy.Pleurotus eryngii,a common edible,medicinal,and visual mushroom,was widely cultivated in China.P.eryngii was rich in nutritional value and biological activities.In the present study,the liquid fermentation of P.eryngii was processed to yield the mycelia.The mycelia polysaccharides by P.eryngii(PMPS)were extracted by water,isolated and purificated into PMPS-1 and PMPS-2.Furthermore,the characterization,anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 were analyzed.These results demonstrated that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 possessed potent antioxidant,anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities,and could be used as a potentially functional food for the prevention of aging,diabetes and its complications.The present conclusions were listed as follows:(1)Polysaccharides were extracted by hot water to maintain the biological activity.After deproteinizated with Sevag reagents,the final extraction yield of PMPS was 22.89±1.73mg/g.The PMPS was purified by DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography.As a result,the PMPS was fractioned into two independent elution fractions(PMPS-1 and PMPS-2)with the yield of 463.42±25.09mg/g and 287.65±16.71mg/g,respectively.(2)The characterizations of PMPS were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),gas chromatography(GC),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The HPLC analysis showed that the PMPS-2 were in superior homogeneous and the weight-average molecular weights(Mw)of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 were 3.24×10~5Da and 1.95×10~4Da,respectively.The GC results displayed that PMPS-1 were composed of mannose(12.13%)and glucose(87.87%)in a molar ratio of 1.00:7.24,while PMPS-2 were composed of xylose(3.21%),mannose(17.47%),galactose(14.66%),and glucose(64.66%)in a molar ratio of 1.00:4.54:3.81:16.79.The FT-IR results showed that both the PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 wereβ-glycosidic bond connection furanose.The SEM analysis showed that PMPS-1 with higher Mw than PMPS-2,which might be with higher branched degree and easier to be adhered or accreted.(3)The anti-aging activity of PMPS was analyzed by antioxidant testing in vitro and in vivo.For antioxidant testing in vitro,PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 had considerable antioxidant activity.In addition,PMPS-2 showed higher antioxidant capacity than PMPS-1 which might be attributed to its higher content of xylose and galactose in monosaccharide composition and the lower molecular weight.For antioxidant testing in vivo,we found that supplementation of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2could inhibit the abnormal decrease in body weight and thymus index of mice,evoke increased levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and total antioxidant capability(T-AOC),increase the hydroxyproline(HYP)contents in skin,decreas the malondialdehyde(MDA)contents in D-gal-induced aging mice.The the histopathological observations of liver,brain,skin and thymus indicated that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 could decrease the number of necrotic and apoptotic cell,attenuate the organ damage induced by oxidative stress.This study suggested that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2might be used as a natural antioxidant to slow the progression of aging.(4)The hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic activity of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 was analyzed on diabetes mice model induced by streptozotocin(STZ)plus high calorie and high sugar diet.The in vitro testing suggested that the inhibitory effect of PMPS-2 onα-amylase andα-glucosidase activity was higher than that of PMPS-1.The in vivo testing showed that the GLU levels in the diabetic mice could be suppressed by the administration of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2.The results also showed that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 had potential effects against oxidative stress by increasing the activities of SOD,GSH-Px,catalase(CAT)and the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),and decreasing the contents of lipid peroxide(LPO)and MDA in diabetic mice,respectively.The recovery effects of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 on lipid metabolism were also investigated.The results showed that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 had significant effects against the elevation of triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(VLDL-C),and the reduction of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),indicating that they can improve the disordered lipid metabolism in diabetic mice.The regulation effects of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 on inflammatory factor were also investigated.The results displayed that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 had regulation effects on the levels of nuclear factorκB(NF-κB),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and C-reactive protein(CRP),indicating they could alleviate the inflammation reaction induced by hyperglycemia.The recovery effects of PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 on organs were reflected by the results of serum biochemical indexes and histopathological observations.The results showed that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 had significant effects in decreasing the activities of alanine transaminase(ALT)and aspertate aminotransferase(AST),reducing the levels of blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and creatinine(CRE),and reducing the indexes of liver,kidney and pancreas.Furthermore,the histopathological observations of liver,kidney and pancreas indicated that PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 could attenuate the organ damage induced by hyperglycemia.The present conclusions showed that the PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 extracted from P.eryngii had in vitro and in vivo antioxidant which could protect the body against the oxidative stress and decline the aging process.Besides,PMPS-1 and PMPS-2 also showed clinical effects in curing the STZ-induced DM and its complication by improving the glucose and lipid metabolism,reducing the damage of oxidative stress,and alleviating the inflammation reaction. |
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