Chinese Medical Literature And Its Academic Investigation In The Period Of The Republican (1912-1949)

The period of the Republic of China (1912-1949) is the time of critical transition from traditional herbal medicine to modern Chinese materia medica, linking the past and the present in the history of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Scholars at that time laid a foundation for modern Chinese materia medica on the basis of inheriting traditional herbalism by promoting the development of Chinese medicine academic, absorbing modern scientific knowledge, technology and method, and developing traditional Chinese medicine scientific research. Period of the republic of China left a large number of literature and provided valuable information on the Chinese medicine academic development. These literature and documentshad now aroused more and more attention in academic field with a variety of research, and some work about protecting and organizing documents hade been carried out.However, relative research were still inadequate on the one hand, Chinese medicine paper published in the republic of China as the object of study had not been seen yet on the other. In addition,the overall exploration about the research of the Chinese medicine academic development during the period of the republic of China had not been found.Based on the data of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) including books and periodicals paper during the period of the republic of literature, this study summarised the contents of the relevant literature, in combination with the social, economic and cultural background of the period of the republic of China, and analysed academic features and influenced in the development of Chinese medicine, attempting to provide reference for the development of Chinese materia medica.This study explored the academic development and its regularity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) during the period of the republic of China by using bibliography, edition study, measuring philology, oral and field research methods, in reference of history research methods, and collecting the documents, analyzing its academic ideas and features. The object of the study was mainly from Chinese medicine papers and journals during the period of the republic of China, with the aid of oral data complement at the same time. Works selection criteria:(i) times between1912-1949;(ii) content or part of the content related to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM);(iii) letterpress printing, lithographic, Mimeo, manuscript, transcription, etc in various versions, whether or not formal publication are included in the study;(iv) published region in China;(v) Chinese writings. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine paper selection criteria:(i) paper times between1912-1949;(ii) content or part of the content related to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM);(iii) journal retrieval scope including the journal of traditional Chinese medicine and other journal parts, the other journal parts including the medicine journals, journals related western medicine mainly and research report continuously released by scientific research institutions;(iv) published region in China;(v) papers written in Chinese.The collection of Chinese medicine papers and journals in the time the Republic of China is, firstly, to catch the clue by by consulting Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Gu Ji Zong Mu, Min Guo Shi Qi Zong Shu Mu, Zhong Wen Qi Kan Da Ci Dian, A General History of Chinese Medicine and history of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine literature works; secondly,to access to keywords, information and related clues about the republic of China, traditional Chinese medicine and national medicine, Chinese medicine and materia medica in Wanfang Data、CNKI network; thirdly, to collect books and periodicals directory in the national library, the capital, Shanghai library and Nanjing library, the library of Beijing university of Chinese medicine, Shanghai university of Chinese medicine library using the republic of China, Chinese traditional medicine, herbal medicine and Chinese medicine for key words; fourthly, with the data above, to collect the data by transcribing, photocopying, taking pictures and other possible ways.Analysis methods involve the following:(i) cataloguing the collection of traditional Chinese medicine books and checking book titles, authors, publishers, the edition, publishing time, the situation, collection of information content;(ii) reading book content and writing books introduction;(iii) classificating according to the work content of academic characteristic;(iv) a crosswise comparison is made between different categories of books, sums up some general characteristic of the republic of China Chinese medicine books, analysis the personality characteristics of different categories of books; to compare differences of this kind of works in different historical periods, combining with the time background, discussing the social and historical reasons, and analysing of the impact on modern Chinese medicine academic.The methods of Sorting and analysing Journal of traditional Chinese medicine paper are as the followed:(i) reading paper content, refining the authors main academic point of view;(ii) based on the content and academic point of view, classifing the collected Chinese traditional medicine paper;(iii) summarizing the main academic viewpoints and characteristics during the period of the republic of China Chinese medicine paper. Combined with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) papers and works of Chinese journals, to analysis both play a role in the academic development of Chinese medicine from the perspective of the overall, and the inner link between each other. On the basis of comprehensive study literature, combining with the development of the republic of China before medica academic characteristics and social and cultural background during the period of the republic of China, to explore the influence factors of TCM academic development during the period of the republic of China, the overall context, academic characteristics and its influence on modern Chinese medicine academic.In this study,182Chinese mediccal works during the period of the republic of China were involved in total. Among them,161original Chinese materia medica were from libraries,Twenty-one photocopies from The Complite Collection of Traditional Texts on Chinese Materia Medic, twenty-six books uncatalogued in the Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Gu Ji Zong Mu, thirty-one bookswith wrong descriptive information. Additionly, fifty journals were included, amongst, forty-five traditional Chinese medicine journals, two study reports, three western medicine journals. Moreover, the study involved more than400paper articles and more than1000papers incorporated into the statistical analysis.The study was divided into five parts:The first part is "Introduction". It identifies "materia medica" in the past, "materia medica","traditional Chinese medicine","Guo Yao","Han Yao" during period of the republic of China, and "traditional Chinese medicine" in the modern time,and to introduce the purpose of this study, significance and research method at the same time.The second part is on "The medica academic development before the republic of China ". It briefly outlines compendium of academic development context from "materia medica academic mainstream" and "materia medica academic branch" before the republic of China, summarizing the medica academic development characteristics.The third part is " Chinese medicine literature overview during the period of the republic of China ". This part is divided into "Chinese medicine works during the period of the republic of China"," traditional Chinese medicine journals and papers during the period of the republic of China" and " traditional Chinese medicine literature measurement analysis during the period of the republic of China " sections. According to the literature works of traditional Chinese medicines,"during the period of the republic of China" is divided into seven classes:"comprehensive Chinese medicine works","clinical application of Chinese medicine literature","Special study class about Chinese medicine ","dictionary of Chinese medicine ","textbooks of TCM ","general Chinese medicine works","Pharmacgnosical study on Chinese medicine ","during the period of the republic of China" section briefly introduces the general characteristics of each type of work and the academic feature of representative works." traditional Chinese medicine journals and papers during the period of the republic of China " introduced the paper related journals, emphatically analyzes the content characteristic of papers during the period of the republic of China, and it is divided into "academic development of Chinese traditional medicine","Chinese medicine clinical application","Chinese medicine knowledge organization","Chinese medicine scientific research","Chinese traditional medicine research" and so on."During the period of the republic of China of traditional Chinese medicine literature measurement analysis", the section statistic analyzes the numbers of traditional Chinese medicine works, collection, category, the proportion of published papers of Chinese traditional medicine within ten kinds of main journal, and classification of Chinese medicine paper,above based on the investigation data, in order to reflect an overview about the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) papers and works of Chinese journals during period of the republic of China.The fourth part is "The influence factors on TCM academic development ".This part focuses on social environment, economic, cultural and scientific thoughts, the introduction of science to influence TCM academic development during the period of the republic of China.The fifth part is "Analysis of TCM academic developmenf’.This part analyses Chinese medicine books and journals in the role of academic development and the main characteristic of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) during the period of the republic of China.This paper cames to three conclusions by the data and the analysis in Chapter Two, Three and Four::Conclusion One:Chinese medicine papers and journals mainly play roles of constructing Chinese medicine academic framework, promoting academic exchange and the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine knowledge in academic development during the republic of China.Conclusion Two:The academic development of Chinese medicine during the period of the republic of China is influenced by the social, economic, cultural, and many other factors, such as the ideas of "democracy" and "science". The development of the Chinese medicine academic characteristics during the period of the republic of China manifests absorbing knowledge of modern science, technology and method on the basis of inheriting traditional materia medica academic. It showed three tendencies of "Carry forward the traditional","Vintage and Innovation" and "scientific research". Among them, to "Carry forward the traditional" was the principal part of the academic development of the republic of China;"Science" served as fresh air to the academic development;"Vintage and Innovation " provided new exploration by restoring ancient origin of Chinese medicine academic.Conclusion Three:Chinese medicine academic development during the period of the republic of China had a far-reaching influence in the development process of Chinese medicine academic system construction today, which provided both positive and negative experience for us to reconsideration and reflections.