Studies On Taxonomy And Geographical Distribution Of Chinese Wild Grape Species

As one of the major original centers of Vitis L species, China has abundant genetic resources in theworld. Wild grape is important germplasm resources pool in strong resistance and adaptability.Developing taxonomy of Chinese wild Vitis is essential evidence to elucidate the grape origin, evolutionand biodiversity of the world. In this study, we research taxonomy by cluster analysis, SSR, SRAP anddistribution by referring to a great deal of literatures, specimen and field survey, The main results wereshown as follows:Based on Descriptors and Data Standard for Grape （Vitis L.）, eighteen descriptors were selectedto make cluster analysis for38Chinese wild grape species and Vitis vinifera from Chinese Ampelography.The results showed that39species had been clustered into8sections and5subsections according to thesimilarity of morphology. The first section had5species, which included V. heyneana, V. adenoclada, V.longquanensis, V. bellula and V. hui, the second section had V. bashanica and V. sinocinerea, the thirdsection had21species and consisted of5subsections, the first subsection contained V. amurensis, V.shenxiensis, V. zhejiang-adstricta, V. bryoniaefolia and V. silvestrii, the second subsection had V. retordiiand V. menghaiensis, the third subsection had V. balanseana, V. yunnanensis and V. flexuosa, the fourthsubsection had V. piloso-nerva, V. pseudoreticulata, V. wuhanensis and V. jinggangensis, the fifthsubsection contained7species, such as V. davidii, V. romaneti, V. betulifolia, V. wilsonae, V.mengziensis, V. fengqinensis and V. hekouensis, the fourth section had only V. vinifera, the fifth sectionhad V. wenchouensis, V. erythrophylla, V. piasezkii, V. ruyuanensis and V. tsoii, the sixth section had V.chunganensis, V. luochengensis and V. chungii, the seventh section had only V. hancockii, the eighthsection had only V. lanceolatifoliosa.Simple Sequence Repeats （SSR） and Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism （SRAP） wereused to analyze the genetic diversity of26genotypes from15Chinese wild grape species and oneinterspecific hybrid of Vitis L. A total of90alleles were amplified by ten SSR primers, and primerheterozygosity varied from0.653to0.883. Twelve out of169SRAP primer combinations were selectedfor SRAP analysis. A total of223bands were produced, of which208bands were polymorphic ones; theaverage percentage of polymorphic bands was93.3%. The results of clustering analysis based on SSRmarkers showed that most of the wild grapes could be distinguished at genetic similarity coefficient levelof0.74, and27genotypes could be divided into four main clusters at0.64. The dendrogram obtained with SRAP data was almost consistent with traditional morphological classification. At the geneticsimilarity coefficient of0.84,27genotypes could be separated. This also confirmed that V. heyneanasubsp. ficifolia was a subspecies of V. heyneana, and V. adenoclada alone was a species.Comparing sequence of MybA1gene of the different species of wild grapes native to China withPinot Noir(V. vinifera), Hetianhong(V. vinifera) and Gloire de Montpellier(V. riparia), the result showedthat extensive base deletion, insertion and substitution exsited in promotor region, intron region and thethird coding exon and exhibited rich genetic diversity between species of wild grapes. Furthermore, therewere several unique bases or mutations in the MybA1gene of wild grapes which could distinguishthemselves from others well. The construction of phylogenetic tree based on MybA1gene sequenceevolutionary tree were consistent with the result of cluster and alignment analysis of SSR molecularmarker and SRAP molecular marker, but some classification results were opposite to the the traditionalclassification method of morphology. This present a few limitations in the study which used onefunctional gene to discuss system classification, so more functional genes should be analysed in thestudy of systems of classification.Based on referring to a great deal of literatures, specimen and field survey, the distribution ofChinese wild grape were analyzed. The results showed that V.heyneana，V. flexuosa，V. amurensis andV. bryoniaefolia had a much wide eco-geographic distribution,24species，varieties and subspecies werewide distributed. V. hui, V. erythrophylla, V. wenchouensis, V. hekouensis, V.l o n g q u a n e n s i s, V. p i l o s o-n e r v a, V. a m u r e n s i s var．dissecta, V.wuhanensis, V. sinocinerea var.ternata, V. fengqinensis, V.jinggangensis, V. shenxiensise, V. zhejiang-adstricta, V. luochengensis, V.luochengensis var. tomentoso-nerva, V. bashanica, V. wuhanensis var. arachnoidea, V. mengziensis, V.menghaiensis, V. xunyangensis, V. romaneti var. tomentosa, V. ruyuanensis, V. a m u r e n s i s var.funiushanensis, V. davidii var. ningqiangensis, V. balanseana var. ficifolioides, V. balanseana var.tomentosa, V. yuenlingensis and V. wenxianensis were narrowly distributed and need further protection.