A Study On Technological, Institutional Innovations And The Development Of Science & Technology Parks In China

The abilities of independent innovations, powers of high-tech industry development are important reflections of a country's comprehensive national strength. Science and Technology Parks(STPs) are playing great roles in improving the abilities of independent innovation and promoting the development of high-tech industries. Building STPs is an important means of developing high-tech industry clusters,enhancing independent innovation capabilities, which are utilized by all countries in the world. Researches on STPs are of great strategic importance.The strategy of "second venture" is being implemented by China's STPs. The guidance of scientific theories are needed by the strategic practices. Researches on China's STPs are of great realistic significance.It was STPs,technological innovations and institutional innovations that was studied by scholars. However,it was rarely studied on the relationship between technological innovations and economic development of STPs and that of institutional innovations and economic development of STPs. It was less studied on the economic development of STPs from double perspectives of technological innovation and institutional innovation. The focus of this paper is the economic development issues of China's STPs. On the basis of summaries of STPs technological and institutional research results, from the current situation of China's STPs and American experiences, by establishing the STPs analytical framework containing both technological factors and institutional ones, the development of STPs was discussed by focusing on technological innovation, institutional innovation and the interaction between the two, taking technological innovation and institutional innovation as main analytical lines, by the means of combinations of microscopic analysis and macro analysis, empirical analysis and normative analysis,supported by the method of case studies.The study on the current situation of world's STPs shows that they are of imbalance in distribution, most of the STPs are situated in few advanced industrialized countries, and few ones in developing countries.The basic experiences of Silicon Valley are innovations, including technological innovations and institutional innovations.The deliberation on the development and economic effectiveness of China's STPs shows that China's STPs are of unequilibrium distributed, mainly located in the eastern coastal regions, western relatively small.China's STPs have made significant achievements, but the gaps are more terriblely larger compared with the STPs in developed countries.Scientific theories are urgently needed to guide China's STPs development at a higher level as the "second venture" is being implemented.The research on STPs, innovation networks shows that there are mutual promoting relations between STPs innovation networks and industrial clusters.Meanwhile,the formation of industrial clusters has important effects on relative changes of the industrial structures. With the expansion of STPs innovation networks and industrial clusters, industrial clusters will gradually make evolutions to innovational clusters. Only constant innovations and the development of innovational clusters can guarantee the durable competitiveness of enterprises, products and STPs development.The consideration on the formation models of innovational clusters shows that the triple helix innovation among universities, enterprises and government is an important innovational model which can form innovational clusters in STPs. Strategic trends of technological innovation in STPs will shift from three-element-structure innovation to triple helix innovation. Changes from three-element-structure innovation to triple helix innovation will depend on system innovations of science & technology, transformations of university missions and innovations of government operation mechanism which are promoted by STPs management agencies, local governments and even the central government.Interactive networks and good interactive patterns are the keys to the effective operations of triple helix innovations.The study on the method of institution factors endogenicalized into the economic growth models shows that marketization index, non-nationalization rate, degree of outside-opening can be used as agentive variables to measure the growth effects during the development of China's STPs. It is more feasible that non-state-owned economic growth rate is used as a agent variable of STPs institutions during empirical analysis。The research on the institutional innovations of high-tech enterprises shows that the innovations of property rights and organizational structure are the main points of enterprises, innovations. High-tech enterprises are contracts mainly characterized by the features of intellectual and human capitals. Only the arrangements of property rights, the payments of remunerations are in lines with productivities in the high-tech enterprises can the enterprises possess enduring power and competitiveness.The study on the contents of STPs institutional innovations shows that STPs legislation innovation is one of the important innovations, with the management system being the focus.The consideration on the model of STPs institutional innovation shows that the paradigms of STPs institutional innovation are shifting from top-down institutional innovations to bottom-up ones and from supply-oriented institutional innovations to need -induced ones.The discussion on the relationship between technological innovations and institutional ones expresses that it should be judged under the cost-benefit framework what is more important during the development of high-tech industries.If the potential benefits of technological innovation is greater than that of institutional innovation,then technological innovation is more important than institutional innovation. Conversely, institutional innovation is more important than technological innovation.In the context of restructuring the development of China's high-tech industries and STPs, institutional innovation is more important than technological innovation.The research on the development situation of China's STPs shows that the economic development of China's STPs possesses unbalanced characteristics, the reasons lie mainly in the differences of technology and institutions among the STPs in addition to the initial different developing conditions and the general laws of unbalanced economic development.This paper believes that "innovation-economic growth-STPs development " is an organic entity. Innovation is the reason for economic growth, also the result of economic growth. Innovation and economic growth are the reasons for institutional changes, also the results of institutional changes. In the course of economic development, technological and institutional innovations are inseparable, and promoting each other. Technological innovation is the driving force of economic development of STPs.The fundamental purpose of STPs innovations is to promote economic growth in STPs.Institutional innovation and technological innovation are the two most important factors which determine the economic development of STPs. Successful STPs are surely to reach the combination of institutional innovation and technological innovation.Technical innovation is the dynamic source of STPs economic development,and institutional innovation is the accelerator of STPs economic development.With regard to the transition period of China,institutional innovation should be taken as a breach, simultaneously technological innovation should be attached importance on, thus the relatively balanced development of China's STPs will be realized.