U.s. Newspapers Reported That The Rheology Of The Model

Since the emergence of the first American newspaper in 1690, its reporting model has gone through a process of continuous change over the past 300 years. This dissertation attempts to provide an analysis on the various characteristics and connotations of American newspaper reporting models in their different "fact-selection" and "fact- presentation", and to trace its changing track and the underlying motives which directed those changes.1.Editorial model covered from 1765, when the Stamp Act was first implemented, to the 1870s. In this model, news served as supporting evidence subservient to the swings of opinions, while facts were inevitably distorted, obliterated and colored. Newspaper was not a faithful recorder of facts but an agent of a given political Party that either supported or was supported by the paper. The newspaper instigated political movements with great exertion, when its economic benefits were damaged. Furthermore, given its influence over public opinions, newspaper transformed from being a printers' profiting tool to the mouthpiece of various political parties.2.Story model, which began in 1830s and reached its height in the 1870s, was noted for its dramatic descriptive style of life events. For fact-selection, it was apt to choose facts that had a strong human interest and attraction, and its emphasis on stimulatory effect grew especially pronounced in the period of Yellow Journalism. In respect of fact-presentation, it laid prominent emphasis on details in its writing technique, favoring in particular, provisions of exaggerated and stimulating details. When it came to physical presentation, it was a common way to highlight the reporting event in the most alluring way by means of typeface, enlarged titles, illustrations and other special handlings. Under the influence of story model, news reporting cultivated its own distinctive style and began to substitute for opinions and took the primary position in American newspaper. The establishment of democratic politics and market-oriented economy made American newspaper an important concern for the general public. In addition, the story model laid emphasis on digging news events from ordinary people and their everyday lives, which not only enliven people's interest in public events but also given newspaper the role of a spokesperson for the social life at large.3. Information model was initiated by Adolph Ochs and has been the leading reporting model for America newspapers since the 1930s. The core objective of the information model was that news should be presented objectively as information. This model is a prompt response to the increasing demand of a new bourgeois class for reliable information and a taste for conservative news approach. Moreover, this method is also a direct result from the establishment of newspaper in the 20th century as a professional organization, which adopted the view of newspaper as a producer of"organized information".4.Interpretative model emerged in 1930s and was widely adopted by newspapers in 1960s and 70s. It covered a greater amount of information, including not only timely reportage of the news but also any relevant information. In order to dig out the origins and significance of news events, reporters were allowed to include a tactful interpretation or commentary of their own. This reporting model came about at a time when there was a general recognition of the inevitably subjectivity in news reporting, along with a suspicion that "fact" may not be "truth" and awareness of the complicated social situations. However, interpretative model occurred not just as a simple, direct response to social demands, but formed on the basis of a complex interaction on the part of the newspaper itself, as it reflected upon the information model and reexamined on the role of the newspaper and the new social demands.During the probing into the connotations of the American reporting model in its changing track, my inquiry shall argue that the choice of a particular type of reporting model made by newspaper is under the influence of the dominant political and economical culture of its historical era; such choice also reflects on the social demands made on newspaper and the corresponding state, self-image and judgment that newspaper must conceive. In short, newspaper, acting as the news manufactory, on the one hand is indeed affected by social realities, on the other can have a dilution and cushion effect on the society to which it serves as a special counteract.In conclusion, this thesis shall ponder on the motives behind the evolving reporting model. It shall demonstrate that the dialectical tension of American newspaper, which was attributed by its dual public and commercial characteristics, is the primary source of the changes in its reporting models. Just as the human genetic makeup ensures a certain stability as it sustains interaction between individuals and their society, the dialectical tension in American newspaper makes it possible for the track of changes in its reporting models to follow a certain path; and this is precisely the "invariable" in the course of those continuous changes.