A Study Of The Habitating Conditions And Spiritual World Of Jiangnan Old Adherents In The Beginning Of The Ming Dynasty

Literatus discarded by Ming Dynasty was forced to transform their identities andreduced to the old adherents of the Ming Dynasty．Because of the immense influenceexerted by old adherents of the Ming Dynasty in the beginning of Qing Dynasty,therulers of Qing Dynasty such as Shunzhi,Kangxing,attached great importance to theconquest of the adherents and formulated a series policies to deal with the adherents．The habitating conditions were closely related to the policies of immigration．In thereign of Emperor Shunzhi,the immigration policies toward the adherents in theJiangnan region is supplemented by means of enticement and dominated by toughmeasures．Because of this,some literatuses surrendered to Empire Qing,while the oldadherents of the Ming Dynasty~ho were inspired by patriotism universally involvedin fight against the uprising of Empire Qing．In the reign of Emperor Kangxing,Shengzu changed the immigration policies formulated by Emperor Shunzhi whichwere replaced by such enticements to smoothe the soul of the adherents,enact culturalpolicies to attach great importance to confucian academics,tempt the old adherents ofthe Ming Dynasty,and gather the inherent．What'more,the attitudes of the inherentshave loosened up and the the adherent groups have differentiated gradually,whichwas indicated that the adherents'thought''the difference between barbarians and China''have faded in the respect of ideology and concept；that their remarks includepraise of the emperor and the court,that the social interaction began to break the original specifications；that some adherents began to worked as officer with the differentiation of the adherent groups．The old adherents,nevertheless,lived embarrassedly in a new dynasty,wereliteratus group discarded by old dynasty．Born in the regime of Zhuming,literatuses obtained living,life,personality,dignity and the value of life．Replaced by minorities who were contempted by them,however,they were reduced to people in turmoil dueto the perishment of Ming Dynasty afer"Turbulance in year of shenjia"．Born inturbulent period,their soul walled like their body．So the literatuses the period between Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty tracked down their identities,positionedthemselves as adherents actively and consciously and analyzed the concept of adherent meticulously．They called others or themselves as"adherents"at times,presented the expectations of the adherents,and protected their hair desperately to resist the identity transformation in Qing Dynasty．Furthermore,they sticked to beloyal to the identity recongnition of the old country and emperor physically andmentally by writing something about virgin and virtuous women or comparingthemselves to virtuous women．Under the influence of the changes in the regime,the adherents'life has changeddramatically．After the perishment of the country,the old adherents of Ming Dynastywere impoverished because of carelessness oftheir health,the destroy oftheir families,man．made and natural disasters and abandon of wealth．Therefore,the adherents madea living through working as doctor and the staff for officials,teaching,farming,anddoing business．Nevertheness,the literatuses hardly recognized any other methods forliving apart from farming．On the basis of resolvation of the problem materially,theliteratuses devoted more time and energy to their daily life when recongnized thatruling the countries was beyong them．Most of them paid much attention to theircurrent living philosophy．And most of them re—structured the leisurely and carefreelife timely and spacially due to literary and aesthetic tendencies．On the basis of this,the literatuses lay their own lives on paiting,vegetation and food which become thefocus of life with substantial addiction．They tried to apply this to free the secularworld and to create a gentle amenities．As the important part of life,the socialinteraction of literatuses is worth of research．Although some adherents isolatedthemselves from outside,the majority carried on social interaction．The scope,contents and influence of their interaction and the principles of life,the attitude and changes of attitude are explored by analyzing the interaction among adherents,among adherents and officials in Qing Dynasty,and among the adherents and monks．The old adherents in Ming Dynasty,confucian literatuses in essense,representedthe''social conscience"．They had a conscious awareness of adherents,involved in resisting Qing and restoring Ming,and desperately reconfirmed the significance and value of life in a new dynasty．However,catalyzed by time and situation,they have a serious dilemma；for instance,the dilamma that they planned to something to resist Qing but in vail objectively,the ethical conflict between their determination to restore Ming to show loyalty and the benevolence to stabilize people．They were in pursuit ofthe life in Ming Dynasty,but they regretted resulting in the perishment of the country．They were envious of the charater of the nobles despite surrender to''shi…'ming''''tian"．Also,they have to confront the ethical dilemma between life and death．They were always turtured by the mental dilemma and exausted physically and mentally． was not resolved properly．Therefore,how to resist and resolve these upset andanxieties,to get rid of the mental dilemma become a common task which theadherents were confronted with．In order to remove the mental dilamma,manyadherents take Buddhism,Taoism,Catholicism as the salvation of their spiritual world．Since the number of adherents who embrace Taoism and Catholicism is relativelysmall,and the complexity and richness of adherents are inferior to those as monks,Buddhism is concentrated on in my study．On the basis of summary of the adherentmonks,in the form of individual case,the three types of adherent monks are explored．That is,Fang~izhi adheres to the position of confucian after becoming a monk．Gui Zhuang gives up the courge of taking the responsibility and turns to a life of doing nothing after becoming a monk．Jin Bao is loyal to Buddhism and upholds the spirits of Buddhisn and is benevolent to various creatures after becoming a monk．Throughthese mentioned above,the reason for adherents'becoming monks,the various impactthat Buddhism execs on the adherents'attitude toward life,and the evaluation that the confucian literatuses set on their life as a monk are presented explicitly．...