| Zhang Zhongjing, a physician in Eastern Han Dynasty which is called'medical sage'in the medical history of China, wrote a book named Shang-han Za-bing Lun, which established the dialectical treat base of TCM. For the reason of words'lost and missing during Shang-han Za-bing Lun edition spreading course, the extant edition can't represent the whole scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing. Till now, the study has reached some degree, but there are several defects such as: lack of relative study articles, ambiguous science origin of his scholarship, the acupuncture clauses of different editions in history haven't been studied systematically. The situations can not match the important position in Chinese medical history. Therefore, this study possesses significant value of Chinese bibliography in returning to the original condition and investigating the scholarship.According to these problems, systematic relative studies were made on acupuncture contents of Shang-han Za-bing Lun. At first, the article makes a study on the history background and forming key elements of Zhang Zhongjing's acupuncture scholarship. Secondly, Methods of bibliography, science of edition, documentation, as well as statistics are used in the study on it. Systematic research and analysis are made on the 9 medical books (for example: VolumeⅦof'Mai jing'. The names are listed in the second part as follow.) written in and before Song Dynasties that were related to the spread of Zhang Zhongjing's medical works. And then, tissues relative to acupuncture and moxibustion of Shang-han Za-bing Lun are gathered and studied words by words based on the analysis of last forty years articles and books, in order to influence the theories'development and clinic situation of TCM by forming a system including culture and learning theories to some extent.1. Tracing study to the source of scholarship of Zhang ZhongjingAfter textual research, we can draw a conclusion that filiform needle could be made up for the development of crude iron soften skill. The technology level had reached to a certain degree in Eastern Han Dynasty, while the politics, economy, military and culture were in troubled times, people lived a destitute life facing the risk of plague's arising. It fastened the spread of acupuncture and moxibustion. Moreover, the integration of Confucianism and Taoism gave great impetus to the formation of learning and human character of Zhang Zhongjing. It is the macro growing background.Zhang Zhongjing was born in around 148 A.D., during the period from JianHe 2 year to YuanJia 2 year of Han HuanDi. We can't make the inevitable time clearly. According to the bibliography records,"Acupuncture and moxibustion prevalence"came into being at the same time of Zhang Zhongjing, the effect of acupuncture was recorded as'tens to tens, hundreds to hundreds'. When he was young, he learned medicine from Zhang Bozu, a skilled physician of'Fangshu'and'Jingfang'. And then, he learned diligently and absorbed knowledge extensively. After his persevering in learning medicine and writing'Shanghan zabing lun', he became a great physician subsequently. He had been appointed as the mayor of Changsha for some time. It was the same person with Zhang Xian in history. He not only managed state affairs and served for Changsha city actively, but also was proficient in keeping in good health and'Fangshu'under the influence of integration of Confucianism and Taoism. Undoubtedly, the solid relation with Taoist was the basement of acupuncture scholarship.2. Study of bibliography, science of edition, documentation on acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship about Zhang Zhongjing.The author describes the spread clues about Shanghan zabing lun, and focuses on the editions in and before North Song dynasty in the article firstly. We can see that works of Zhang Zhongjing handed from'Tangye jingfa'down to'Qianjin'and'Waitai'unceasingly. So comparatively study is necessary to analyze the acupuncture scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing. From Jin to Tang dynasty, the chief editions of'Shanghan lun'include:①VolumeⅦof'Mai jing';②Ten volume edition'Bian shanghan', it is an old edition of Ten volume edition'Shanghan lun'(it is called'Song edition'now);③Records edition'Xiao pinfang';④'Chun hua edition'('Taiping shenghui fang');⑤'Jingui yuhan jing';⑥Incomplete edition of volumeⅨof'Beiji qianjin yao fang'(Yao fang);⑦Shanghan lun collected edition in'Qianjin yi fang'(it is called'Tang edition'now);⑧'Waitai miyao fang',etc. The edition which spread to abroad mainly include:①'Fuxingjue zangfu yongyao fayao'('Fuxing jue');②.'Dunhuang edition';③.'Kangping edition';④.'Kangzhi edition'.After then, the author compare the acupuncture and moxibustion clauses both from'Song edition'('Shanghan lun') and from'Yuan dengzhen edition'('Jingui yaolue') with the acupuncture and moxibustion clauses from'Shanghan zabing lun'editions before Song dynasty.In order to both return the natural form of'Shanghan lun'and provide a train of thought for combing out the acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship. Nine editions be selected as follows:①'Fuxingjue';②'Mai jing';③'Xiao pinfang';④'Chun hua edition'('Taiping shenghui fang');⑤'Jingui yuhan jing';⑥'Qianjin yao fang';⑦'Qianjin yi fang';⑧'Waitai miyao fang';⑨'Dunhuang edition'.According to acupuncture contents, the chapter compared'Fuxingjue'with'Shanghan Lun'and'Jingui Yaolue'firstly. And there is close relation between them. Acupuncture scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing had been influenced by'Tangye jingfa', and'Fuxing jue'origins from'Tangye jingfa'. They have familiar writing styles and structures, which mainly include recipes, and acupuncture clauses as addition. From the writing styles and describe characters of points, we can find'Fuxing jue'came into being earlier than Zhang zhongjing times. Comprehensively speaking, the acupuncture thoughts of zhongjing is in accordance with that of'Fuxing Jue', and it appeared succession and development from'Fuxing jue'.And then the author studies'Maijing', which Wang Shuhe had edited, as an emphasis. There are several important conclusions that can be drawn: First, clauses of'Ke yu buke'part origined from Zhang Zhongjing, obeying the natural ranging sequence. Second, chose a large quantity of acupuncture relative clauses from parts of'ketu','kewen','buke jiu', etc. they add up to 76 items, which rangeed from volumeⅦtoⅨas follows: volumeⅦcontaining 70 items, volumeⅧcontaining 4 items, volumeⅨcontaining 2 items only. There are 32 new acupuncture items, which did not exist in'Song edition', among the three volumes.In the following study, the author compares'Taiping shenghui fang','Jingui yuhan jing'with'Song edition'continuously. We can find that'Chunhua edition'appeared earlier than'Song edition'from the aspect of meaning and writing style. There are 5 new items on'Chunhua edition', and there are another 8 items similar to that with'Song edition'.'Jingui yuhan jing'had been edited by Wang shuhe. The chief contents equal to the summation of VolumeⅦof'Mai jing'and'Song edition'. After comparable study, no new items are found from'Jingui yuhan jing'. Though the acupuncture scholarship of'Zhengzhi zongli'part looks brilliant and valuable, but we can not make a judgment that they were written by Zhang zhongjing.Further more, volumeⅨ,Ⅹof'Qianjin yao fang'and'Qianjin yi fang', written by Sun simiao and'Waitai miyao fang'were compared with best edition of zhongjing at present. And another new 13 items are founded from'Qianjin yao fang', but they have special writing style and the source can not be judged, so author do not discuss them. While another four new acupuncture items are found among'Qianjin yi fang'. What a pity! Only several acupuncture items are founded from'Waitai miyao fang', and there are little difference between'Waitai'and'Song edition'.In addition, during the studying course of'Dunhuang edition', only one relative item is found, it is out of the range of'Song edition, origin from incomplete volume named Shanghan zabing lun jia ben [stein. 202].What the upper mentioned are chief conclusion which be drawned after the comparative study about acupuncture scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing. Unquestionably, they can set up a broad and steady basement to study the scholarship and character furthermore.3. Analysis and explanation of Zhang Zhongjing's acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship.In this chapter, both acupuncture relative items in'Song edition'and new items which are found by comparative study are analyzed thoroughly. We can see the similarities and dissimilarities by compartment of them. There are 70 clauses of acupuncture and moxibustion among'Song edition'('Shanghan lun') and'Yuan Dengzhen edition'('Jingui yaolue'). There are 6 meridians and 14 points be talked about. And the rule of diagnosis and therapy are supported by relative basis theory of meridians, points, therapy methods and tactic.There are clear-cut characters of acupuncture and moxibustion method. Needling method include'Liujing needling method','Zabing needling method','Qimen needling method','burning and warming needling method'; while moxibustion method include:'Jiu method','burning method','smoke method','ironing method', etc. In addition, Zhang Zhongjing have discussed the situation of mistakes of therapy, especially discussed in detail the therapeutic mistakes of moxibustion in clinic.The new collected acupuncture relative clauses add up to 47 from kinds of editions. It enriches the acupuncture thought of Zhang Zhongjing to great extent. The clauses supplement the theory of meridian and point, not only select 7 new points, but also bring up position names from'Sanyin sanyang'and'specific position'. New collected acupuncture items not only enrich'Liujing needling method'and'Zabing needling method', but also found a new'59 needling method', which origins from'Neijing'. In addition, great deals of acupuncture and moxibustion contraindication were found, and enriched the clinical application of moxibustion.Especially, the colume'Zhengzhi zongli'of'Jingui yuhan jing'have mentioned many important acupuncture and moxibustion contents. It has familiar relation with Zhang Zhongjing. The author emphasized grasping and undergoing theory of meridian and point very much. Further more, he pointed out his clinical knowledge of regulate Shen by needling, and described the specific principle of acupuncture and moxibustion.Above all, we can see the acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing not only has theories as basement, but also has complete manipulating technique. It is a complete system abundant with theory content and steady structure. It values us to learn and study.4. Discussion and conclusionThe acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship of Zhang Zhongjing are not only supported by complete theory, but also display five characters of diagnosis and therapy clearly as follows: investigating symptom meticulous; discriminating meridians and authenticate symptoms, and using both needle and medicine; when needle can not match the disease, moxibustion should be used; moxibustion should be used carefully in order to avoid'bad disease'; choosing special time to treat disease following after the principle of natural. After the comprehensive refine to the whole article, several conclusions are drawn out:(1) The history and culture background have provided acupuncture development with necessary scientific technology. And the special politic and culture had made Zhang Zhongjing to grasp the theory and skills of acupuncture. He had been'medical sage'at last.(2) The article's studying range is broad, nine relative books before Song dynasty were chosen to compare with Shanghan Lun and Jingui Yaolue bibliography systematically. All studied books are best editions in the world. The acupuncture and moxibustion scholarship is searched in the differences between these editions. There are 47 acupuncture relative clauses be dug out. They enriched the acupuncture thought to great extent, and let the'medical sage'statue more grand.(3) After the comparative study, we find that the theory of acupuncture is coming into being. He emphasized treating disease by investigating symptoms, and was proficient in treating disease by discriminating meridians meticulous. Additional, he paid attention to the situation of'yin and yang','weak and strong','cold and warm', or else, the diseases always became'bad disease'.(4) The development of therapy method of TCM has its own orbit. That is using needle, moxibustion and medicine together in earlier times, and then using medicine mainly, while the use of acupuncture and moxibustion is weakening. But almost all the great physicians use them both, zhang zhongjing is one of the best paragons. Therefore, we should take Classical Books seriously, learn from forefathers, strengthen the diagnosis by discriminating symptoms meticulous, and enhance the application of clinical skills such as: using both needle and medicine; choosing special time to treat disease following after the principle of natural, etc. The originality of the article mainly appeared as follow: The first, we hold the macroscopic acupuncture thoughts of Zhang Zhongjing from its origination. We emphasize the study about its science background, and have made the historical background and relative stories further up.The second, we have studied the acupuncture thought of Zhang Zhongjing systematically. The chosen editions for study are all the best in the world. And we have selected 47 acupuncture and moxibustion clauses by the methods of bibliography, science of edition, documentation, as well as statistics from the acupuncture and moxibustion clauses of the books.The third, the study conclusion can bring up new clues to further study on the theory of Zhang Zhognjing, and has refined some new views of the acupuncture and moxibustion thoughts at the first step. |
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