Research On Non-governmental Supply Of Urban Forest Ecological Service Based On Residents' Willingness To Pay

The urban ecological environment is worsened with the soaring urbanization of China. Residents are eager to improve the urban ecological environment with the economic boost and the improvement in urban residents' living.Demand on ecology takes first place of all demand from residents on environment.Much effective as the construction of urban forest in improving air quality and urban greening,it is urgent to study multi-entity supply of urban forest ecological service under government budget limit and scarce greening area.The paper applies the theory of forest ecological service,marketization of public service,economic sociology, behavioral economy and institutional economics and empirical method to exploring the interaction,scope of action and guarantee system of the multi-entity supply method.Urban forest ecological service is that of air purification,improving urban micro-climate, decreasing temperature and increasing humidity,weakening "heat-island" effect,carbon sequestration,and lowering noise by urban forest.Urban forest ecological service is subordinate to public service.Residents' participation will greatly improve the ecological environment when the government does not change its supply.Market supply refers to the profit-purposed,outcome-compensated-by-charging ecological service provided by the profit organization aiming at satisfying the demand on urban forest ecological service from residents. It includes market compensation and market supply of community greening.The voluntary supply refers to the capital sponsored without payment or partly without payment by individual or the organization or donated in the form of lottery ticket,which is directly or indirectly used to supply urban forest ecological service.Success of the two methods depends on their satisfying residents' willingness to pay.The paper first applies the contingent valuation method (CVM) to the survey of willingness to pay by residents in Harbin and Mudanjiang for urban forest ecological service.The result of the survey reveals that residents are willing to pay.The compensation method is feasible under appropriate institutional system and effective organization by the community.The supply of urban forest ecological service by residents is necessary and possible due to the serious pollution of ecological environment in large and middle-size cities,combined by the high living level and awareness of environmental protection of urban residents.The paper makes correlative analysis,Logistic regression analysis and cluster analysis on market supply and voluntary supply according to the survey in Harbin and Mudanjiang.As is revealed in the analysis,residents will have more income with higher educational level,who are more inclined towards donating money and paying more.Residents to participate in the development of the urban forest ecosystem services supply policy should take into account of the two forms of payment of donating money and contributing effort to meet different levels of residents' willingness-to-pay.Based on the analysis of the impact of public participation in the understanding of factors and systems,"economic person" and human economic behavior,the paper compares the result of the two sampling surveys in Harbin,analyzes the motive to supplying urban forest ecological service,and describes the three kinds of residents supplying urban forest ecological service from the aspect of ecological utility component,human nature and game theory.The paper summarizes major factors that have effect on residents' participation and calculates the probability of residents' participation with the Logistic regression model and analyzes the major factors making participates refuse to participate.In order to achieve urban forest ecosystem services supply,the paper suggests a wide range of policies by to secure city greening projects and enterprises greening,and institutional arrangements and the corresponding technology security system beneficial to market supply and demand,and supply to achieve voluntary policies.As residents near urban forest believe that they have gained more and better ecological services and therefore have a greater willingness to pay,urban forest ecological compensation policies can first start from the region around the urban forest,and then gradually expanding the scope of the urban forest ecosystem services of the market supply.Implementation of voluntary supply requires not only the media publicity and education and effective fundamental organizations,but also improvement of the personal credit system,residents' social participation information society recorded into the personal credit system,and this will have a greater incentive to voluntary supply.Although the urban forest ecosystem services is the main body of supply,resident's willingness to pay for the urban forest ecological service will increase with the urban economy boost and environmental protection awareness of the residents.The effect of both market supply and voluntary supply will be brought into full play through the mechanism designed by government on multi-entity supply of urban forest ecological service,so as to rapidly improve the quality of urban ecological environment.