Study Of Lu Burial

Up to now,there are seven cemeteries of the State of Lu that have been excavated and reported,with a total of 214 tombs.The age span extends from the middle Western Zhou Dynasty to the late Warring States period-The tombs are well preserved,with rich funerary objects and obvious grade differences.It is a rare first-hand material for studying the tombs of Lu.Based on typological research,this thesis first puts forward its own views on the attribution of some tombs in Lu.Secondly,according to the archaeological data of the cemetery combined with the handed down literature,the funeral system of the cemetery of the state of Lu was discussed in depth.Combined with the commonalities and differences of burial customs,burial pottery types and combination forms,the clans of the buried people in each cemetery of the state of Lu were determined,and their burial methods and status were also discussed.Through the systematic analysis of the tombs of the State of Lu,the following understandings can be drawn:Among the pottery unearthed from the tombs of the Lu State,Li,jars,beans,pots,Yu,Gui,Lei,Ding,Fu,Zhi are the most,and the number of other pottery is obviously less,which can be subdivided into multiple types and subtypes.Pottery Li can be divided into two categories and seven types(including subtypes,the same below).Pottery jars can be divided into six types.Pottery beans can be divided into two categories and seven types.Pottery pots and pottery gui can be divided into three types.Pottery lei,yu and ding can be divided into two types.Pottery fu and pottery zhi can be divided into one type.In this thesis,the tombs of Lu State are divided into 8 periods.The first period(the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty)is mainly popular with imitation copper Li and pottey jars.The second period(the late Western Zhou Dynasty)and the third period(the early Spring and Autumn Period)are mainly popular with pottery Li,imitation copper Li,pottery jars,pottery beans,pottery gui,pottery yu.In the fourth period(the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period),pottery yu and pottery tripods were added.In the fifth period(late spring and autumn),pottery lid beans,pottery pots and pottery gui appeared.In the sixth period(early Warring States period)and the seventh period(middle Warring States period),pottery fu and pottery zhi appeared.The eighth period(late Warring States period),mainly popular pottery jars,pottery pots and pottery fu.In terms of cemetery system,there is a direct relationship between the order of tombs in the cemeteries of Lu and their genetic relationship.The cemetery of Lu clearly confirms that there are records in the literature that someone is in charge of the cemetery and draws drawings,and this function has been inherited for a long time.The burial methods of the Yaopu cemetery,the northwest comer cemetery and the Doujitai cemetery are slightly different from the literature.There are hierarchical differences in the use system of coffins in the tombs of Lu.According to statistics and analysis,it can be seen that the boundaries of burial utensils in large,medium and small tombs are clear.Generally speaking,large tombs with a burial area of more than 100 m2 are buried with a coffin,and small tombs with a burial area of less than 3.5 m2 mostly use a single coffin.The medium-sized tombs with a burial area between the two basically use a coffin.This difference is consistent with the social identity and status of the tomb owner.The combination characteristics of burial pottery in each cemetery of Lu are distinct.From the longitudinal observation,the combination of yu、dou、jars or li、j ars has always been a common combination of objects in tombs,and runs through all stages from the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Warring States Period,while pots and fu were only found after the early Warring States period.The custom of burial lei lasted for a long time,which was found from the early Spring and Autumn period to the middle of the Warring States period.From the horizontal analysis,the tombs in Wangfutai and Yaopu cemeteries were not buried with pottery yu,which was significantly different from other cemeteries.Pottery Zhi is mostly unearthed in Guojiaquan cemetery,rare in other cemeteries.The pottery ding is only found in Guojiaquan cemetery,which should be related to the identity of the tomb owner as a sergeant.In terms of the location of funeral objects,the Zhou people mainly placed on both ends of the head and feet from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period,and generally placed on both sides of the body during the Warring States Period.The burial objects of Yin adherents are mainly divided into three ways:between coffins,niches and bottom boxes.In terms of jade system,in the tombs of the late Western Zhou Dynasty in Wangfutai cemetery,jade is generally used for decoration such as earrings and jade rings,and there are phenomena of jade Ge and jade Gui.Gui and Ge are closely related to the decree system.The more frequent burial jades of Gui and Ge in the middle and late Warring States Period may emphasize the identity of the Zhou people surnamed Ji and increase the cultur al identity of Zhou.In the late Warring States period,a large number of jade bi and rings covering the whole body were found in the burials of the state of Lu.From the shape and placement of the jade bi and rings,it should be due to the eastward migration of the state of Chu and the influence of Chu culture to the Shandong peninsula.In terms of cemetery ethnic gr oups,by analyzing the burial customs and funerary objects of each cemetery,it can be seen that the burial population of Wangfutai cemetery should be Zhou people.The people buried in the five cemeteries of Doujitai,northwest corner,Yaopu,Guojiaquan and Fenghuangquan should be Yin adherents,but there are some differences among them which may belong to different ethnic groups.The clan of Yinjiacheng cemetery is very likely to be the Yi people after "assimilation".The burial way of Lu is unique.From the perspective of the relationship between the burial clan and the address of the Lu tombs,some Zhou people may use the method of "integration of residence and burial ",which is very rare in other areas.Some Yin adherents and descendants of the barbarians adopted the burial form of " separation of residence and burial".The Yin adherents of Lu are generally civilians.Most of the tombs of the Yin adherents found in the Lu State now live together,and there are burial objects and coffins,indicating that most of the Yin adherents are civilians,and a small number of burial bronzes may be nobles.Most of the Yin adherents of Lu were civilians and small aristocracy.The main cultural factors in Lu tombs include Zhou cultural factors,Yin Yi cultural factors,Qi cultural factors and Chu cultural factors,and the proportion of these cultural factors varies in Lu tombs in different periods.During the Western Zhou period,only Zhou cultural factors were found in Lu tombs;during the Spring and Autumn period,Lu was influenced by Qi cultural factors,but Zhou cultural factors still dominated at this time;during the Warring States period,Zhou cultural factors gradually declined,and Chu and Qi cultural factors became the main cultural factors in Lu tombs.The emergence of this phenomenon is greatly related to the Spring and Autumn Period when Qi attacked Lu to the south and the Warring States Period when Chu moved to the east,north to the Si River basin,adjacent to Lu.