| In order to investigate the conditioning effect and mechanism of Bitter ginseng seven soup(BGSS)and its extract(BGSSE)on cold stress of beef cattle,the following experiments were carried out: In the clinical trial phase,40 healthy 7-month-old Simmental cattle with similar body condition and body weight were randomly divided into 8 groups with 5 cows per group.They were divided into control group(Cold-stress),cinnamon tincture group(CIN),Bitter ginseng seven soup low-dose group(BGSS-L),Bitter ginseng seven soup medium-dose group(BGSS-M),Bitter ginseng seven soup high-dose group(BGSS-H),Bitter ginseng seven soup extract low-dose group(BGSSE-L)and Bitter ginseng seven soup extract medium-dose group(BGSSE-M),Bitter ginseng seven soup extract high-dose group(BGSSE-H).The main test methods and results were as follows:(1)Physiological indexes and environmental THI of cattle were measured.The results showed that the environmental THI of cattle during the test was 25 < THI ≤38,indicating that beef cattle were suffering from mild cold stress during the test.Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extracts could significantly increase the daily gain of beef cattle at 7 days(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in rectal temperature among treatment groups(P>0.05).(2)The blood routine indexes were determined by blood cell analyzer.The results showed that Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract could significantly reduce the levels of WBC,GRAN%,RBC,HGB and HCT in blood(P<0.05).(3)Biochemical indices and plasma enzyme indices were determined by biochemical analyzer.Results:Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extracts significantly decreased the contents of TP and GLO in plasma(P<0.05),and significantly increased the contents of ALB and TBIL in plasma(P<0.05);The activities of ALT,AST,CK and ALP in plasma were significantly decreased by Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract(P<0.05).(4)ELISA was used to determine the concentration of hormone related to endocrine and nutritional metabolism in plasma.The concentrations of ACTH,CRH,COR,EPI,TSH,T3,T4,IGF-1,ADH and GLU in plasma were significantly decreased by Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extracts(P<0.05),while the concentrations of NE and INS in plasma were significantly increased(P<0.05).(5)ELISA was used to determine the indexes of immune function and antioxidant capacity in plasma.The results showed that Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extracts could significantly reduce the concentrations of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α in plasma(P<0.05),and increase the levels of IL-2 in plasma(P<0.05).Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract could significantly reduce the content of MDA in plasma(P<0.05),and increase the activities of T-AOC,CAT,GSH-Px and SOD in plasma(P<0.05).(6)High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the composition and diversity of intestinal flora.Results: Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extracts could significantly reduce the Sobs,Ace,Chao1 and Shannon indexes(P<0.05).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was significantly increased by Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract(P<0.05).At the genus level,the dominant bacteria were UCG-005,Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group and Christensenellaceae＿R-7＿group.Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract significantly decreased the relative abundance of UCG-005(P<0.05),and significantly increased the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae＿RC9＿gut＿group(P<0.05).Correlation analysis showed that Ig M level was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of UCG-005(P<0.05).The content of HSP70 was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae＿R-7＿group(P<0.01).The results of differential metabolites in the plasma of raised cattle in each experimental group were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS): The metabolic pathways involved were phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,tryptophan metabolism,linoleic acid metabolism and glycerin phospholipid metabolism,mainly involved in protein and energy metabolism;It can improve oxidative stress and immune function in different degree.Conclusions: The growth performance,immune function and antioxidant capacity of beef cattle can be significantly improved by feeding Bitter ginseng seven soup and its extract to beef cattle under cold stress.It has a positive effect on the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis under cold stress.It can significantly reduce the inflammatory response of beef cattle,and has anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing effects.It also plays an important role in reducing the damage degree of cold stress on beef cattle tissue cells and maintaining liver health and normal liver function. |
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