Digestive Properties Of Bovine, Goat, And Human Milk And Effects On Gut Microbes

Milk is the nutrients source for people in daily life.Different milks have different nutritional characteristics and functional properties,which will affect their nutritional values.Based on the basic components analysis of the of cow milk,goat milk,and breast milk,this study used simulates gastrointestinal digestion in vitro and high-throughput sequencing technology to study the digestive characteristics of these three milks and their effects on intestinal microorganisms,which expected to promoting further development for cow milk and goat milk.The part one is about the basic ingredients of cow milk,goat milk and breast milk.The basic components of cow milk,goat milk and breast milk were analyzed and the results showed that compared with breast milk,the cow milk and goat milk involve more protein and minerals than breast milk,but less lactose.In terms of protein composition,cow milk was mainly composed of αs1-casein.β-casein and β-lactoglobulin,goat milk was mainly composed of αs2-casein,β-casein and β-lactoglobulin,and breast milk was mainly composed of β-casein and α-lactalbumin.In terms of amino acid composition,the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids(EAA)in goat milk were higher than that in cow milk and breast milk.In terms of fatty acids composition,the contents of short-chain fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in goat milk were higher than that in cow milk and breast milk,while the breast milk involves more unsaturated fatty acids than cow milk and goat milk.In terms of main bioactive ingredients,the contents of EGF,IGF-1,cAMP,and LF in breast milk were significantly higher than that in goat milk and cow milk,while the content of IgG in goat milk was higher than cow milk and breast milk.The part two is about the digestive properties of cow milk,goat milk and breast milk.The digestive characteristics of proteins in cow milk,goat milk,and breast milk were studied by simulating gastrointestinal digestion.The results showed that the high-molecular-weight proteins(MW>40)in cow milk were more easily digestible than goat milk and breast milk;casein in breast milk was the most digestible,casein in goat milk was more digestible than casein in cow milk,whose αs2-casein was the most digestible in cow milk,while β-casein and κ-casein were the most easily digestible in breast milk and β-casein and κ-casein in goat milk are easier to digest than cow milk.By comparing gastric and intestinal digestion,it was found that milk protein is mainly digested and absorbed in the intestine.The part three is about the effect of cow milk,goat milk and breast milk on intestinal microorganisms.The effects of cow milk,goat milk,and breast milk on intestinal microorganisms were studied by high-throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that breast milk was good for the growth of Bacteroidetes,Bacteroidia,Bacteroidales,Bifidobacteriales,Prevotellaceae,Alloprevotella,goat milk can promote the growth of Bacteroidetes,Bacteroidia,Bacteroides,Akkermansiaceae,Akkermansia and cow milk was beneficial to the growth of Bacteroidetes,Clostridia,Clostridiales,Muribaculaceae,Dubosiella.At the genus level,cow milk,goat milk,and breast milk had an inhibitory effect on Lactobacillus,Parabacteroides,Blautia in the intestine.The effects of different milk types on intestinal microorganisms are also significantly different.Breast milk had obvious promoting effects on Alloprevotella;the promoting effects of cow milk on Dubosiella was pretty obvious and the goat milk had obvious promoting effects on Akkermansia.At the same time,it was found that breast milk and cow milk had certain inhibitory effects on Enterohabdus and Staphylococcus.