Preparation And Anti-osteoporosis Effect Of Yak Bone Meal

With the acceleration of China ’ s aging process,the elderly in most families are faced with the threat of chronic osteoporosis.In addition,today ’ s “ heavy treatment,light prevention ” makes it relatively difficult to screen and diagnose osteoporosis in the elderly with limited grassroots economy,time and diagnosis and treatment facilities,resulting in the current general population often paying attention to drug treatment for osteoporosis,while ignoring the adjustment and prevention from their own body metabolism,with little effect.Therefore,the voice of drug-food homologous or non-adjuvant functional foods replacing drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis is becoming stronger.At the same time,for the high incidence and strong concealment of osteoporosis,it is more and more urgent to find a simple and easy-to-promote rapid detection method for osteoporosis.The purpose of this study was to prepare osteoporosis model mice by inducing castrated mice with low calcium diet.By monitoring and analyzing the weight,bone microstructure,serum biochemical markers of bone activity and fecal characteristic odor information of osteoporosis model mice,the correlation between osteoporosis-related indicators and fecal characteristic odor information was discussed,and the qualitative and quantitative identification was carried out by using fecal characteristic odor information,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rapid diagnosis and application of fecal characteristic odor information in osteoporosis.Then,the osteoporosis model mice were intervened by self-made yak bone powder and commercial calcium tablets in Gannan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province.The morphological structure of femur,serum bone activity markers and bone calcium content were detected and compared to provide a theoretical basis for the anti-osteoporosis of yak bone powder instead of calcium tablets.To provide technical support for the future development of anti-osteoporosis high activity yak bone products.Firstly,this paper explored the basic nutrients of yak bone,optimized the degreasing process parameters of yak bone,determined the mineral element content of yak bone powder,and discussed the difference in content.The results were as follows : the proportion of fat in yak bone was relatively high(27.62 %);the degreasing process parameters of yak bone were optimized.The results showed that the degreasing rate could reach 78.48 % when the solid-liquid ratio was 12 m L · g-1,the degreasing agent concentration was 40 g · L-1 and the cooking time was 60 min.The degreasing process was more simple,economical and efficient.The content of Ca in the mineral elements of yak bone powder was relatively large(17.81 %),and the content of mineral elements in different content steps was significantly different(P <0.05).The yak bone had high nutritional value.Secondly,in this study,the weight of castrated mice and the changes in the proportion of leg muscles of mice were monitored and analyzed by feeding low-calcium diet to induce osteoporosis in castrated mice.Then,the femur and muscles of mice in the model group and the normal group were stained with HE by tissue slice technology.The thickness of femur cortical bone,trabecular bone structure and muscle morphology of mice in the process of inducing osteoporosis were observed.The feces of mice with osteoporosis were monitored by E-nose technology and qualitative and quantitative discrimination was made.The results showed that the weight of mice in each group increased continuously during the experiment,and there was little difference in the proportion of thigh muscle in each group after 4 weeks(P >0.05).The proportion of thigh muscle in OVX-LCF group was significantly lower than that in other groups at 2,4 and 6 weeks(P<0.05).The results of this study showed that feeding low calcium diet and normal diet had no significant effect on the muscle of mice,and whether or not to perform ovariectomy had a greater impact on the muscle of mice,and there was a certain phenomenon of muscle atrophy,which led to skeletal muscle dysplasia,increased muscle bundle gap and uneven morphology.Bone morphology showed that the number of trabecular bone in the model group was less than that in the normal group,and the thickness of bone cortex was thinner.Long-term calcium-free or low calcium intake would make the thickness of bone cortex thinner,and increase the risk of osteoporosis.The effect of model group 1 was poor.The thickness of bone cortex in OVX-LCF(model group 2)group was significantly lower than that in other groups(P<0.05).In comparison,whether the castration factor was more likely to induce osteoporosis in mice than whether the diet was calcium.The activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts reflected the degree of osteoporosis by E-nose data was related to S1,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8,S9 and S10 sensors.Principal component analysis showed that the same group of mice had strong aggregation,and the class spacing of different groups was large.There was no cross and overlap of sample points in different groups of mice.The qualitative discriminant models of normal group and model group were effectively established.The accuracy of MLP quantitative prediction was high.The quantitative prediction of osteoporosis in mice was realized based on the content of bone active markers in serum and the response signal of electronic nose sensor which was statistically correlated with the content of bone active markers in serum,and the test data were successfully identified.It provides a new idea for the monitoring and diagnosis of osteoporosis.Finally,the morphological structure of femur,serum bone activity markers,bone calcium content,and calcium apparent absorption rate of mice with osteoporosis after yak bone powder and calcium tablets intervention were further explored and observed.The results showed that the thigh and calf muscles of mice in NORMAL group had different degrees of muscle atrophy at 9-18 weeks after intervention.The proportion of skeletal muscle in OVX-NF group with osteoporosis was small,and there was no significant difference in the proportion of right leg muscle in each group(P > 0.05).There were significant differences in the proportion of left and right thighs and left and right legs between the model group and the high-dose bone powder group in most weeks(P < 0.05).High-dose bone powder had a certain effect on the development of thigh muscle in mice.The content of Ca in femur of OVX-LCF-YBM-H group was significantly different from OVX-LCF-YBM-M group,OVX-LCF-YBM-L group and OVX-LCF-YBM-Ca group except for 6 weeks(P>0.05,except for 6 weeks OVX-LCF-YBM-L group).Feeding bone meal and Ca tablet had no significant effect on the apparent calcium absorption rate of mice,and the apparent calcium absorption rate of feeding bone meal group was 65.65 % ~ 72.32 %.Gannan yak bone powder can be used in functional food to improve osteoporosis,and the effect is slightly stronger than calcium nutritional food.This paper can provide some theoretical and technical support for the development and utilization of yak bone powder.