Research On Motivation, Resourcefulness And Hybrid Entrepreneurshi

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in stimulating economic development,improving people’s livelihood and promoting social progress.However,the high failure rate and the associated risks and uncertainties have also deterred many potential entrepreneurs.In contrast,hybrid entrepreneurship,a path that combines employment and entrepreneurship,undoubtedly offers potential entrepreneurs an attractive choice.Hybrid entrepreneurship refers to the phenomenon of an individual starting a business while retaining a full-time wage employment.In fact,according to the existing literature and the data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor,hybrid entrepreneurship is a relatively common phenomenon,and hybrid entrepreneurs account for a very considerable proportion in the group of entrepreneurs.The existing research points out that hybrid entrepreneurship has certain advantages in mitigating and reducing the risks and uncertainties faced by entrepreneurs.Via hybrid entrepreneurship,individuals can reduce the opportunity costs of entrepreneurship.At the same time,this approach also has certain advantages in improving the survival rate of startups.The purpose of this study is to explore the wide-spread phenomenon of "employment + entrepreneurship".On the basis of sorting out and summarizing the related researches on hybrid entrepreneurship,entrepreneurial motivation,entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial resourcefulness,while constrained by the feasibility of the study,this study focuses on the main influencing factors of hybrid entrepreneurial intentions,explores the motivational factors and ability factors that affect hybrid entrepreneurship,and mainly answers the following three questions: first,in the context of China,what dimensions constitute the motivation of hybrid entrepreneurship? Second,what effect do motivational dimensions have on mixed entrepreneurial intentions? Third,what effect does individual entrepreneurial resourcefulness have on their hybrid entrepreneurial intentions?In order to answer the above questions,this paper mainly uses quantitative research methods to launch three sub-studies:(1)we develop a hybrid entrepreneurial motivation scale,verify the dimensional structure of hybrid entrepreneurial motivations,and empirically test the impact of individual entrepreneurial motivations on their hybrid entrepreneurial intentions.The results reveal that: firstly,there is a significant negative correlation between necessitybased motives and hybrid entrepreneurial intentions.Individuals with the needs of increasing income and ensuring occupational safety may prefer full-time entrepreneurship to hybrid entrepreneurship;secondly,there is a significant positive correlation between achievement-based motives and hybrid entrepreneurial intentions,as individuals who desire to obtain psychological benefits such as work autonomy through entrepreneurship are more likely to choose hybrid entrepreneurship;finally,there is a significant positive correlation between test-and-trial motives and hybrid entrepreneurial intentions.Individuals who wish to test the quality of their business ideas and their entrepreneurial ability through small-scale experiments are more likely to choose hybrid entrepreneurship;In addition,entrepreneurial passion can promote hybrid entrepreneurial intentions to a certain extent;(2)We develop the entrepreneurial resourcefulness scale and verify that its dimensional structure involves cognitive ability,emotional ability and action-oriented ability.Through empirical analysis,the paper tests the impact of the three dimensions of individual entrepreneurial resourcefulness on their hybrid entrepreneurial intentions.The results show that the cognitive dimension of entrepreneurial resourcefulness significantly weakens the individual’s hybrid entrepreneurial intention,and the higher the individual’s cognitive ability,the less willing he or she is to choose hybrid entry to entrepreneurship;(3)Using the latest data published by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to test the robustness of the above-mentioned researches,the results of multinominal logistic regression analysis reveal necessity-based motives have a significantly negative correlation with hybrid entrepreneurship as individuals who need to secure a source of income or maintain income through entrepreneurship are more willing to choose fulltime or pure entrepreneurship,and the improved-based motives have a significantly negative correlation with hybrid entrepreneurship,indicating that individuals who want to increase income through entrepreneurship or strive for greater independence are more willing to choose full-time entrepreneurship rather than hybrid entrepreneurship.The main contributions and innovations of this paper are as follows:Firstly,as the first domestic research focusing on hybrid entrepreneurship,this paper explores the background factors of the long-ignored hybrid entrepreneurship in China.At the same time,we define the concept of hybrid entrepreneurship more clearly,i.e.the phenomenon of entrepreneurs starting businesses while retaining full-time paid jobs,which is helpful to distinguish hybrid entrepreneurship from other similar multiple job-holding,and is also beneficial to the development of subsequent research;Secondly,this study abandons the research paradigm of dichotomizing entrepreneurship and employment,takes hybrid entrepreneurship as a path to bridge employment and entrepreneurship,breaks through to a certain extent the mainstream research model of dichotomizing entrepreneurship as “all or nothing”,inspects entrepreneurship and employment from a dynamic perspective,and believes entrepreneurship is not the destination or final stop of an individual’s career development(people can shift from employment to self-employment and vice versa or even just combine the two statuses);Thirdly,in the absence of effective data,this study developed a scale to measure hybrid entrepreneurs’ motivations with high reliability and validity by referring to the relevant literature,and tested the impact of individual entrepreneurial motivations on hybrid entrepreneurial intentions,enriching the existing research on entrepreneurial motivations and intentions.Most of the existing researches on the motivation types that affect hybrid entrepreneurship are case studies or simple ranking of motivation types.The entrepreneurial motivation scale developed in this research is targeted at hybrid entrepreneurship,and divides the entrepreneurship motivations into three dimensions:necessity-based motivation,achievement-based motivation and test-and-trial motivation.By employing the scale,we can examine comprehensively the motivational dimensions of hybrid entrepreneurs,effectively avoid fragmentation of the analysis of hybrid entrepreneurship motivations,and help to better understand the motivations of hybrid entrepreneurs;Fourthly,through the development of the entrepreneurial resourcefulness scale with high reliability and validity,the individual’s entrepreneurial ability is comprehensively examined and classified into three dimensions: cognitive ability,emotional ability and action-oriented ability.Up to now,there is a lack of empirical research on entrepreneurial resourcefulness.The development of entrepreneurial resourcefulness scale will be beneficial to further research on this construct.At the same time,through empirical analysis,the paper verifies the significant weakening effect of cognitive dimension of entrepreneurial resourcefulness on hybrid entrepreneurial intentions,which enriches the research of entrepreneurial intentions.Fifthly,in terms of research methods,through the multinominal logit regression,this is the first attempt to compare and analyze the three phenomena of non-start-up,full-time start-up and hybrid start-up,which is more helpful to discover the possible systematic differences between hybrid start-up and full-time start-up;Sixthly,this paper also empirically tests the effect of some environmental variables on hybrid entrepreneurial intentions.Hybrid entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial entry mode that can significantly reduce entrepreneurial risk and uncertainty.The exploration of relevant environmental factors is beneficial for policymakers to have a better understanding of this phenomenon.Seventhly: Based on the research results,this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions and management suggestions,which are helpful for relevant policy makers and management personnel to understand and pay attention to the hybrid entrepreneurship and make corresponding institutional arrangements for it.The conclusions of this study provide important guidance for understanding the phenomenon and motivations of hybrid entrepreneurship:(1)we should pay attention to the existence,values and roles of hybrid entrepreneurship,guide and encourage the development of hybrid entrepreneurship;(2)policy makers should formulate corresponding policies to solve the legitimacy issue of hybrid entrepreneurship,so as to give full play to its role;(3)we should pay attention to the characteristics of hybrid entrepreneurs and provide targeted support for hybrid entrepreneurs;(4)Managers should pay attention to the staff’s career development plans and set up an internal entrepreneurship platform to give full play to and make use of the staff’s entrepreneurial potential to serve the enterprise.Although this study provides a new perspective for hybrid entrepreneurship research and entrepreneurship research,it still has some obvious deficiencies:First of all,as the first domestic research focusing on hybrid entrepreneurship,due to its legitimacy issues from cultural,legal and ethical perspectives,it is difficult to collect effective samples for analysis in publicly-available statistical data,so this paper mainly completes the exploratory research on the phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship;Secondly,the verification of the hypothesis in this paper is mainly based on the data obtained from the self-developed scales.Although the hybrid entrepreneurial motivational scale and entrepreneurial resourcefulness scale have reached high standards in terms of reliability and validity,the quality of the questionnaire samples still needs to be improved.As the questionnaire is distributed online via a survey service provider,the respondents of the questionnaire are mainly accessed through chain reference and it relies on participants’ own will to answer the survey questions.Although this facilitates the collection of samples to a certain extent,there may also be certain selection bias issues and generality problems.At the same time,this paper only uses data from one country(China)to test the hypotheses,thus the findings of this paper may not be applicable to countries and regions with different cultures and different regulatory environments.Moreover,also constrained by availability of data,the research focuses on the antecedents of hybrid entrepreneurship,but does not take into account the outcome variables of hybrid entrepreneurship.Obviously,if we can combine the outcome variables of hybrid entrepreneurship,such as the performance of start-up enterprises,it is more helpful to have a deeper understanding of hybrid entrepreneurship;Besides,this study failed to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid entrepreneurship at the same time.Most discussions in this dissertation focused only on the possible benefits of hybrid entrepreneurship,while the starting point of the study was also based on the potential benefits of hybrid entrepreneurship rather than the negative issues involved,such as the challenge of professional ethics.In addition,there is a lack of analysis on the heterogeneity of hybrid entrepreneurship.There may also be significant differences in influencing factors and outcome variables between hybrid entrepreneurs engaged in industry-related entrepreneurship or unrelated entrepreneurship.Finally,this paper fails to consider the changes in the job market from the demand side,i.e.the requirements of the enterprise on the working mode of the employees have also changed.These problems need to be further explored in the follow-up research.