Research On Land Use Planning Based On Ecosystem Services Evaluation

Since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented,the urbanization in China has experienced unprecedented rapid development.Urbanization has pushed China’s economy to achieve great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention.Meanwhile,it has also caused numerous serious environmental and ecological problems.In the process of urban expansion,a large number of agricultural lands(e.g.cropland,orchard)and ecological lands(e.g.woodland,grassland)are occupied by built-up lands.The abuse of lands is widespread,resulting in a waste of land resources and a serious shortage of land resources reserve.Land ecosystems not only provide a series of raw materials and material foundations for human production and consumption,but also provide a series of irreplaceable non-material services such as climate regulation,waste treatment,recreation and tourism.However,due to the extensive land use pattern in the process of urbanization,the land ecosystems have been continuously degraded,and the provided ecosystem services have been reduced year by year.In spite that the importance of integrating ecosystem services values into the decision-making of land use has been widely recognized,the method of ecosystem service values integrated into land use planning and management is seriously inadequate.In view of this,this paper mainly investigates the following aspects:From the perspective of the ecological services provided by the land ecosystems,the ecosystem service values provided by different land ecosystems are evaluated.Then the ecosystem service values are integrated into land use planning,and a mathematical model is established to optimize the land use structure so that the ecological values of the lands can be maximized.In detail,firstly,a grey prediction model is established in this paper,by which the changes of land use can be predicted,and the accuracies of the prediction model are tested.Then based on the predicted results of the grey prediction model,a gray parameter linear programming model is constructed to optimize the land use structure.Finally,the established model is applied into a case study to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method in land use planning.The advantages and disadvantages between the present optimized land use structure and government’s land use planning are compared in this paper.The impacts of different land use plannings on ecosystem service value are analyzed.The results show that combining GM(1,1)model with grey parameter linear programming model is effective for land use planning.Compared with government’s planning,the optimized land use structure can increase the area of ecological lands such as woodland,orchard and grassland,and can increase the ecosystem service values provided by different land ecosystems.Therefore,it will help maintain the integrity of the regional ecosystem and the stability of the components of ecosystems.From the perspective of comprehensive benefits of land use,in order to solve the problem of unbalanced land use structure caused by more emphasis on economic benefits of land use under rapid urbanization,a multi-objective land use planning model is established in this paper with comprehensive consideration of the social,economic and ecological benefits of land use.In addition,in order to deal with the uncertainties in land use planning,the fuzzy planning model and multi-objective planning model are combined into an optimization framework,and a fuzzy multi-objective linear programming(FMLP)model is established.Besides,the solving process is simplified and the feasibility of the FMLP model is improved.Finally,a typical area(Wuhan)is selected as a case study to apply the FMLP model to the land use planning in Wuhan.The results show that,compared with the land use planning formulated by the government,land use structure optimized by the FMLP model has obvious advantages on increasing the economic and ecological benefits of land use.The FMLP model established in this study can not only achieve the integration of social,economic and ecological benefits for different land use types,but also deal with uncertainties in optimization process.Therefore,the FMLP model is an effective method in land use planning and can be applied to other cities or regions with unbalanced land use structure to optimize land resource allocation.Based on the previous researches,in order to coordinate the land resources allocation between economic system and natural ecosystem,the economic system and natural ecosystem are coupled into a composite system in this paper to optimize land resources allocation.In order to deal with a large number of uncertainties in planning process and analyze different policy scenarios,a fuzzy two-stage stochastic programming(FTSP)model is established in this paper based on system engineering theory,and a fuzzy function ranking method is proposed to deal with fuzzy sets.This method can reduce the number of additional variables and constraints in the traditional fuzzy set solving methods,thus simplifying solving process and enhancing the feasibility of the FTSP model.Finally,a region(Wuhan)with serious unbalance between economic development and natural ecosystems is selected as a case study in this paper.The FTSP model is applied to planning the sustainabilities of land resources of all industrial parks and wetland ecosystems in Wuhan.Land trading is introduced as an ecological compensation mechanism to balance the land resource allocation between industrial parks and natural ecosystems,with consideration of a series of industrial pollutant emissions,as well as a series of ecological environmental factors such as rainfall runoff coefficient,vegetation coverage rate and so on.In addition,the ecosystem services value assessment was incorporated into the optimization process and 11 types of ecosystem services were evaluated.According to sewage discharge standards for different industries,five kinds of emission reduction schemes were proposed to analyze the relationships between industrial structure,economic benefits,ecosystem service values,environmental costs and wastewater discharges under different policy scenarios.The results show that the FTSP model is an effective method for sustainable land use planning in economic-natural composite system.It can not only deal with the uncertainty and randomness in the planning process,but also analyze scenarios under different economic penalties when the expected targets are violated.The results also show that land trading is an effective way on ecological compensation,which helps to internalize the externalities of different land use patterns,thus suppressing excessive development activities effectively.In addition,the findings provide practical implications and suggestions on industrial development and wetland ecosystem protection for local policy makers in Wuhan.In summary,responding to the major strategic requirements of national ecological civilization construction,the values of ecological services provided by land ecosystems are evaluated,and the ecosystem service values are incorporated into land use planning.Several mathematical models are established from different perspectives to optimize the land use structure.Three major goals are committed to be achieved: Balancing the contradiction between economic development and natural ecological environment;enriching the theoretical connotation of urban sustainable development;providing theoretical basis and practical policy guidance for the sustainable use of land resources in China.