| The emergence of concepts such as digital earth, digital China, digital city, anddigital campus in recent years has resulted in geographic information taking on anincreasingly important role in human production and life. Geographic information iswidely used in disaster warning, environmental detection, intelligent transportation,infrastructure management, emergency management, and other fields. It is closelyrelated to time and requires timely collection and updates. Moreover, the distributionlaw obtained from the data and information collected from the same region in differentperiods makes it possible to make corresponding forecasts and predictions. Whencollecting geographic information, the protection of the ecological environment shouldbe considered to minimize the impact on the native environment. The large amount ofcollected data varies in terms of continuity and real time. Low cost, speed, convenience,autonomy, and other conditions are also required for establishing geographicinformation monitoring systems. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a kind ofDistributed Intelligent Network System formed through the cross integration ofmultidisciplinary knowledge and technology. WSNs can intelligently monitor, collectdata from regions, or accomplish objectives of interest. This system is characterized byrapid arrangement, flexible application, low costs, and autonomy. Additionally, it doesnot have a severe effect on the monitored regions. These characteristics meet therequirements for geographic information monitoring. Thus, the application of WSN isvery ideal for conducting geographic information monitoring.In WSNs, sensor nodes are restricted by the energy supply, bandwidth resources,and deployment. Many difficulties and challenges are involved when designing andmanaging networks. Among the various difficulties and challenges, network lifetime isan outstanding issue. Sensor nodes are powered in the network using the limited-powerbattery they carry. Once the battery is exhausted, the network becomes ineffective.Therefore, highly efficient limited energy application, network performance, andmaximizing network lifetime have become important research points for WSNs. Thispaper conducts an in-depth analysis of wireless sensor routing from the perspective ofenergy saving and balancing by regarding the maximization of network lifetime as the objective. Hopefully, this paper can provide a method and a solution for solving theseissues through relevant studies.Routing protocol is a key technology in WSN levels. It is also an importantresearch direction in the field of WSN energy saving. Routing protocols not only focuson the energy consumption of each node, but also on balancing the entire consumptionof whole networks. Such balancing has a very important effect on network lifetime.First, this paper summarizes the development, research status, and application ofWSNs. It then studies the reasons for node energy consumption in WSNs and energysaving strategies. This paper also analyzes and summarizes the reason for energyconsumption at all network protocol levels, critical energy-saving technology, and theadvantages and current status of cross-level routing design from the protocol stackframeworks of WSNs. Finally, this paper analyzes, studies, and compares differentrouting protocols. The principles and shortages of LEACH protocols and multipleLEACH-improved protocols in clustering routing are also analyzed in detail. Thispaper provides an optimum design that effectively improves routing performance.This paper also raises a simple and effective cluster model for unequal clusteringcaused by the addition of recent cluster heads in the clustering application of theLEACH protocol. It proposes an improvement strategy for cluster election that fixesrandom cluster selection in the LEACH protocol and considers the remaining energy. Inaddition, in view of cluster heads that communicate with base stations through asingle-hop in LEACH protocol, this paper produces an intra-cluster multi-hop routingmodel framework. Finally, it proposes a multi-hop routing model based on unequalclustering semi-diameter (NRDMMH) according to the general design process. It alsoproposes a detailed design for cluster head election strategy, clustering strategy,intra-cluster routing election, and establishment strategy in the clustering process. Theexperiment shows through simulation verification that this model can effectively savenode energy, balance network energy consumption, and prolong network lifetime. Suchfindings have very important scientific significance and application value.The main contributions and innovation of this paper are as follows:(1) It produces a uniformly distributed clustering model (UDEM) with equallydistributed nodes. Based on the study and analysis on the clustering protocol and classicgroup model, a kind of uniformly distributed clustering model with uniformlydistributed nodes is proposed. The study and experiment show that the model can betterprotect network clustering and improve the equality of high clustering under thecondition of equally distributed nodes. (2) It proposes a kind of uniformly distributed clustering model (UUDEM) withunequally distributed nodes. Based on the study and analysis on the clustering protocoland classic group model, this model is proposed to repair the group clustering methodused by the classic protocol LEACH in clustering routing. The study and experimentshow that the model can can better protect network clustering and improve the equalityof high clustering under the condition of unequally distributed nodes.(3) It proposes a kind of intra-cluster multi-hop routing model framework. Basedon the study and analysis of LEACH protocol, it raises a kind of intra-cluster multi-hoprouting model framework to repair cluster nodes far away from the base station that areexhausted prematurely through a direct single-hop between the cluster head and thebase station in LEACH protocol. It balances network energy consumption by selectingsingle-hop and multi-hop transmission and then conducting a simulation experimentalanalysis. A comparison of the EEUC protocol, which is an improved LEACH protocol,shows that EEUC can reduce network consumption by18%and increase networklifetime by15%on average for each cycle.(4) It proposes a kind of double-cluster multi-hop routing model based on theunequal clustering semi-diameter (NRDMMH). The study and analysis of the generalcluster routing process is used to create a double-cluster multi-hop routing model basedon NRDMMH. It further considers the stratification of the monitoring region bycalculating the clustering diameter of the cluster head, cluster head election, and groupclustering method, and establishing intra-cluster routing. The study and simulationexperiment show that this model can prolong network lifetime by nearly84%and18%compared the classic models LEACH and EEUC respectively. It can effectively reducethe communication cost of nodes and balance network energy consumption. |
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